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>Chapter 38. Procedural Languages</TD
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CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL"
>38.1. Installing Procedural Languages</A
></H1
><P
> A procedural language must be <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"installed"</SPAN
> into each
database where it is to be used. But procedural languages installed in
the database <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> are automatically available in all
subsequently created databases, since their entries in
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
> will be copied by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE DATABASE</TT
>.
So the database administrator can
decide which languages are available in which databases and can make
some languages available by default if he chooses.
</P
><P
> For the languages supplied with the standard distribution, it is
only necessary to execute <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE EXTENSION</TT
>
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>language_name</I
></TT
> to install the language into the
current database. Alternatively, the program <A
HREF="app-createlang.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>createlang</SPAN
></A
> can be used to do this from the shell
command line. For example, to install the language
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> into the database
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>template1</TT
>, use:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>createlang plperl template1</PRE
><P>
The manual procedure described below is only recommended for
installing languages that have not been packaged as extensions.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="PROCEDURE"
><P
><B
> Manual Procedural Language Installation
</B
></P
><P
> A procedural language is installed in a database in five steps,
which must be carried out by a database superuser. In most cases
the required SQL commands should be packaged as the installation script
of an <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"extension"</SPAN
>, so that <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE EXTENSION</TT
> can be
used to execute them.
</P
><OL
TYPE="1"
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL-CR1"
></A
><P
> The shared object for the language handler must be compiled and
installed into an appropriate library directory. This works in the same
way as building and installing modules with regular user-defined C
functions does; see <A
HREF="xfunc-c.html#DFUNC"
>Section 35.9.6</A
>. Often, the language
handler will depend on an external library that provides the actual
programming language engine; if so, that must be installed as well.
</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL-CR2"
></A
><P
> The handler must be declared with the command
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE FUNCTION <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>handler_function_name</I
></TT
>()
RETURNS language_handler
AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>path-to-shared-object</I
></TT
>'
LANGUAGE C;</PRE
><P>
The special return type of <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>language_handler</TT
> tells
the database system that this function does not return one of
the defined <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> data types and is not directly usable
in <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> statements.
</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL-CR3"
></A
><P
> Optionally, the language handler can provide an <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"inline"</SPAN
>
handler function that executes anonymous code blocks
(<A
HREF="sql-do.html"
>DO</A
> commands)
written in this language. If an inline handler function
is provided by the language, declare it with a command like
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE FUNCTION <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>inline_function_name</I
></TT
>(internal)
RETURNS void
AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>path-to-shared-object</I
></TT
>'
LANGUAGE C;</PRE
><P>
</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL-CR4"
></A
><P
> Optionally, the language handler can provide a <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"validator"</SPAN
>
function that checks a function definition for correctness without
actually executing it. The validator function is called by
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE FUNCTION</TT
> if it exists. If a validator function
is provided by the language, declare it with a command like
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE FUNCTION <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>validator_function_name</I
></TT
>(oid)
RETURNS void
AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>path-to-shared-object</I
></TT
>'
LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
</P
></LI
><LI
CLASS="STEP"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL-CR5"
></A
><P
> Finally, the PL must be declared with the command
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>CREATE [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>TRUSTED</SPAN
>] [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>PROCEDURAL</SPAN
>] LANGUAGE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>language-name</I
></TT
>
HANDLER <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>handler_function_name</I
></TT
>
[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>INLINE <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>inline_function_name</I
></TT
></SPAN
>]
[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
>VALIDATOR <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>validator_function_name</I
></TT
></SPAN
>] ;</PRE
><P>
The optional key word <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUSTED</TT
> specifies that
the language does not grant access to data that the user would
not otherwise have. Trusted languages are designed for ordinary
database users (those without superuser privilege) and allows them
to safely create functions and trigger
procedures. Since PL functions are executed inside the database
server, the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUSTED</TT
> flag should only be given
for languages that do not allow access to database server
internals or the file system. The languages
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/pgSQL</SPAN
>,
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Tcl</SPAN
>, and
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
>
are considered trusted; the languages
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/TclU</SPAN
>,
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
>, and
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PythonU</SPAN
>
are designed to provide unlimited functionality and should
<SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>not</I
></SPAN
> be marked trusted.
</P
></LI
></OL
></DIV
><P
> <A
HREF="xplang-install.html#XPLANG-INSTALL-EXAMPLE"
>Example 38-1</A
> shows how the manual
installation procedure would work with the language
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="EXAMPLE"
><A
NAME="XPLANG-INSTALL-EXAMPLE"
></A
><P
><B
>Example 38-1. Manual Installation of <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
></B
></P
><P
> The following command tells the database server where to find the
shared object for the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> language's call
handler function:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION plperl_call_handler() RETURNS language_handler AS
'$libdir/plperl' LANGUAGE C;</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> has an inline handler function
and a validator function, so we declare those too:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE FUNCTION plperl_inline_handler(internal) RETURNS void AS
'$libdir/plperl' LANGUAGE C;
CREATE FUNCTION plperl_validator(oid) RETURNS void AS
'$libdir/plperl' LANGUAGE C STRICT;</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> The command:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>CREATE TRUSTED PROCEDURAL LANGUAGE plperl
HANDLER plperl_call_handler
INLINE plperl_inline_handler
VALIDATOR plperl_validator;</PRE
><P>
then defines that the previously declared functions
should be invoked for functions and trigger procedures where the
language attribute is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>plperl</TT
>.
</P
></DIV
><P
> In a default <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> installation,
the handler for the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/pgSQL</SPAN
> language
is built and installed into the <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"library"</SPAN
>
directory; furthermore, the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/pgSQL</SPAN
> language
itself is installed in all databases.
If <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>Tcl</SPAN
> support is configured in, the handlers for
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Tcl</SPAN
> and <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/TclU</SPAN
> are built and installed
in the library directory, but the language itself is not installed in any
database by default.
Likewise, the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/Perl</SPAN
> and <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PerlU</SPAN
>
handlers are built and installed if Perl support is configured, and the
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>PL/PythonU</SPAN
> handler is installed if Python support is
configured, but these languages are not installed by default.
</P
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