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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Database File Layout</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Database Physical Storage" HREF="storage.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Database Physical Storage" HREF="storage.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="TOAST" HREF="storage-toast.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2017-11-06T22:43:11"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Database Physical Storage" HREF="storage.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="storage.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 56. Database Physical Storage</TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="TOAST" HREF="storage-toast.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="STORAGE-FILE-LAYOUT" >56.1. Database File Layout</A ></H1 ><P >This section describes the storage format at the level of files and directories.</P ><P >All the data needed for a database cluster is stored within the cluster's data directory, commonly referred to as <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT > (after the name of the environment variable that can be used to define it). A common location for <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT > is <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/var/lib/pgsql/data</TT >. Multiple clusters, managed by different server instances, can exist on the same machine.</P ><P >The <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT > directory contains several subdirectories and control files, as shown in <A HREF="storage-file-layout.html#PGDATA-CONTENTS-TABLE" >Table 56-1</A >. In addition to these required items, the cluster configuration files <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postgresql.conf</TT >, <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_hba.conf</TT >, and <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_ident.conf</TT > are traditionally stored in <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT > (although in <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > 8.0 and later, it is possible to keep them elsewhere).</P ><DIV CLASS="TABLE" ><A NAME="PGDATA-CONTENTS-TABLE" ></A ><P ><B >Table 56-1. Contents of <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT ></B ></P ><TABLE BORDER="1" CLASS="CALSTABLE" ><COL><COL><THEAD ><TR ><TH >Item</TH ><TH >Description</TH ></TR ></THEAD ><TBODY ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >PG_VERSION</TT ></TD ><TD >A file containing the major version number of <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >base</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing per-database subdirectories</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >global</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing cluster-wide tables, such as <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_database</TT ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_clog</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing transaction commit status data</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_multixact</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing multitransaction status data (used for shared row locks)</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_notify</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing LISTEN/NOTIFY status data</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_serial</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing information about committed serializable transactions</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_snapshots</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing exported snapshots</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_stat_tmp</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing temporary files for the statistics subsystem</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_subtrans</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing subtransaction status data</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_tblspc</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing symbolic links to tablespaces</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_twophase</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing state files for prepared transactions</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_xlog</TT ></TD ><TD >Subdirectory containing WAL (Write Ahead Log) files</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postmaster.opts</TT ></TD ><TD >A file recording the command-line options the server was last started with</TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >postmaster.pid</TT ></TD ><TD >A lock file recording the current postmaster process ID (PID), cluster data directory path, postmaster start timestamp, port number, Unix-domain socket directory path (empty on Windows), first valid listen_address (IP address or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >*</TT >, or empty if not listening on TCP), and shared memory segment ID (this file is not present after server shutdown)</TD ></TR ></TBODY ></TABLE ></DIV ><P >For each database in the cluster there is a subdirectory within <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/base</TT >, named after the database's OID in <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_database</TT >. This subdirectory is the default location for the database's files; in particular, its system catalogs are stored there.</P ><P >Each table and index is stored in a separate file. For ordinary relations, these files are named after the table or index's <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >filenode</I > number, which can be found in <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_class</TT >.<TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >relfilenode</TT >. But for temporary relations, the file name is of the form <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >t<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >BBB</I ></TT >_<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >FFF</I ></TT ></TT >, where <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >BBB</I ></TT > is the backend ID of the backend which created the file, and <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >FFF</I ></TT > is the filenode number. In either case, in addition to the main file (a/k/a main fork), each table and index has a <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >free space map</I > (see <A HREF="storage-fsm.html" >Section 56.3</A >), which stores information about free space available in the relation. The free space map is stored in a file named with the filenode number plus the suffix <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >_fsm</TT >. Tables also have a <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >visibility map</I >, stored in a fork with the suffix <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >_vm</TT >, to track which pages are known to have no dead tuples. The visibility map is described further in <A HREF="storage-vm.html" >Section 56.4</A >. Unlogged tables and indexes have a third fork, known as the initialization fork, which is stored in a fork with the suffix <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >_init</TT > (see <A HREF="storage-init.html" >Section 56.5</A >).</P ><DIV CLASS="CAUTION" ><P ></P ><TABLE CLASS="CAUTION" BORDER="1" WIDTH="100%" ><TR ><TD ALIGN="CENTER" ><B >Caution</B ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD ALIGN="LEFT" ><P >Note that while a table's filenode often matches its OID, this is <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >not</I ></SPAN > necessarily the case; some operations, like <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >TRUNCATE</TT >, <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >REINDEX</TT >, <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >CLUSTER</TT > and some forms of <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >ALTER TABLE</TT >, can change the filenode while preserving the OID. Avoid assuming that filenode and table OID are the same. Also, for certain system catalogs including <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_class</TT > itself, <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_class</TT >.<TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >relfilenode</TT > contains zero. The actual filenode number of these catalogs is stored in a lower-level data structure, and can be obtained using the <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >pg_relation_filenode()</CODE > function.</P ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ><P >When a table or index exceeds 1 GB, it is divided into gigabyte-sized <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >segments</I >. The first segment's file name is the same as the filenode; subsequent segments are named filenode.1, filenode.2, etc. This arrangement avoids problems on platforms that have file size limitations. (Actually, 1 GB is just the default segment size. The segment size can be adjusted using the configuration option <TT CLASS="OPTION" >--with-segsize</TT > when building <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN >.) In principle, free space map and visibility map forks could require multiple segments as well, though this is unlikely to happen in practice.</P ><P >A table that has columns with potentially large entries will have an associated <I CLASS="FIRSTTERM" >TOAST</I > table, which is used for out-of-line storage of field values that are too large to keep in the table rows proper. <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_class</TT >.<TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >reltoastrelid</TT > links from a table to its <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >TOAST</ACRONYM > table, if any. See <A HREF="storage-toast.html" >Section 56.2</A > for more information.</P ><P >The contents of tables and indexes are discussed further in <A HREF="storage-page-layout.html" >Section 56.6</A >.</P ><P >Tablespaces make the scenario more complicated. Each user-defined tablespace has a symbolic link inside the <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/pg_tblspc</TT > directory, which points to the physical tablespace directory (i.e., the location specified in the tablespace's <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >CREATE TABLESPACE</TT > command). This symbolic link is named after the tablespace's OID. Inside the physical tablespace directory there is a subdirectory with a name that depends on the <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > server version, such as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >PG_9.0_201008051</TT >. (The reason for using this subdirectory is so that successive versions of the database can use the same <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >CREATE TABLESPACE</TT > location value without conflicts.) Within the version-specific subdirectory, there is a subdirectory for each database that has elements in the tablespace, named after the database's OID. Tables and indexes are stored within that directory, using the filenode naming scheme. The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >pg_default</TT > tablespace is not accessed through <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_tblspc</TT >, but corresponds to <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/base</TT >. Similarly, the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >pg_global</TT > tablespace is not accessed through <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pg_tblspc</TT >, but corresponds to <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/global</TT >.</P ><P >The <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >pg_relation_filepath()</CODE > function shows the entire path (relative to <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT >) of any relation. It is often useful as a substitute for remembering many of the above rules. But keep in mind that this function just gives the name of the first segment of the main fork of the relation — you may need to append a segment number and/or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >_fsm</TT >, <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >_vm</TT >, or <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >_init</TT > to find all the files associated with the relation.</P ><P >Temporary files (for operations such as sorting more data than can fit in memory) are created within <TT CLASS="VARNAME" >PGDATA</TT ><TT CLASS="FILENAME" >/base/pgsql_tmp</TT >, or within a <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pgsql_tmp</TT > subdirectory of a tablespace directory if a tablespace other than <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >pg_default</TT > is specified for them. The name of a temporary file has the form <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >pgsql_tmp<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >PPP</I ></TT >.<TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >NNN</I ></TT ></TT >, where <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >PPP</I ></TT > is the PID of the owning backend and <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >NNN</I ></TT > distinguishes different temporary files of that backend.</P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="storage.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="storage-toast.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Database Physical Storage</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="storage.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >TOAST</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >