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><H1
><A
NAME="SQL-COPY"
></A
>COPY</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN66924"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>COPY -- copy data between a file and a table</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN66929"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>COPY <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]
FROM { '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>' | STDIN }
[ [ WITH ] ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>option</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]
COPY { <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ] | ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
> ) }
TO { '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ] ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>option</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]
<SPAN
CLASS="phrase"
><SPAN
CLASS="PHRASE"
>where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>option</I
></TT
> can be one of:</SPAN
></SPAN
>
FORMAT <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>format_name</I
></TT
>
OIDS [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
DELIMITER '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>delimiter_character</I
></TT
>'
NULL '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>null_string</I
></TT
>'
HEADER [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
QUOTE '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quote_character</I
></TT
>'
ESCAPE '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>escape_character</I
></TT
>'
FORCE_QUOTE { ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) | * }
FORCE_NOT_NULL ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] )
ENCODING '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>encoding_name</I
></TT
>'</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN66952"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> moves data between
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> tables and standard file-system
files. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
> copies the contents of a table
<SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>to</I
></SPAN
> a file, while <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> copies
data <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>from</I
></SPAN
> a file to a table (appending the data to
whatever is in the table already). <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>
can also copy the results of a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
> query.
</P
><P
> If a list of columns is specified, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> will
only copy the data in the specified columns to or from the file.
If there are any columns in the table that are not in the column list,
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> will insert the default values for
those columns.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> with a file name instructs the
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> server to directly read from
or write to a file. The file must be accessible to the server and
the name must be specified from the viewpoint of the server. When
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STDIN</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STDOUT</TT
> is
specified, data is transmitted via the connection between the
client and the server.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN66971"
></A
><H2
>Parameters</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name (optionally schema-qualified) of an existing table.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> An optional list of columns to be copied. If no column list is
specified, all columns of the table will be copied.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> A <A
HREF="sql-select.html"
>SELECT</A
> or
<A
HREF="sql-values.html"
>VALUES</A
> command
whose results are to be copied.
Note that parentheses are required around the query.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The absolute path name of the input or output file. Windows users
might need to use an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>E''</TT
> string and double any backslashes
used in the path name.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STDIN</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies that input comes from the client application.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STDOUT</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies that output goes to the client application.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies whether the selected option should be turned on or off.
You can write <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ON</TT
>, or
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1</TT
> to enable the option, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FALSE</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFF</TT
>, or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0</TT
> to disable it. The
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> value can also
be omitted, in which case <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUE</TT
> is assumed.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORMAT</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Selects the data format to be read or written:
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>text</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>csv</TT
> (Comma Separated Values),
or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>binary</TT
>.
The default is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>text</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OIDS</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies copying the OID for each row. (An error is raised if
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OIDS</TT
> is specified for a table that does not
have OIDs, or in the case of copying a <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
>.)
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DELIMITER</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the character that separates columns within each row
(line) of the file. The default is a tab character in text format,
a comma in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format.
This must be a single one-byte character.
This option is not allowed when using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>binary</TT
> format.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the string that represents a null value. The default is
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\N</TT
> (backslash-N) in text format, and an unquoted empty
string in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format. You might prefer an
empty string even in text format for cases where you don't want to
distinguish nulls from empty strings.
This option is not allowed when using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>binary</TT
> format.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> When using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
>, any data item that matches
this string will be stored as a null value, so you should make
sure that you use the same string as you used with
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>HEADER</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies that the file contains a header line with the names of each
column in the file. On output, the first line contains the column
names from the table, and on input, the first line is ignored.
This option is allowed only when using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>QUOTE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the quoting character to be used when a data value is quoted.
The default is double-quote.
This must be a single one-byte character.
This option is allowed only when using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ESCAPE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the character that should appear before a
data character that matches the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>QUOTE</TT
> value.
The default is the same as the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>QUOTE</TT
> value (so that
the quoting character is doubled if it appears in the data).
This must be a single one-byte character.
This option is allowed only when using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORCE_QUOTE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Forces quoting to be
used for all non-<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> values in each specified column.
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> output is never quoted. If <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> is specified,
non-<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> values will be quoted in all columns.
This option is allowed only in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>, and only when
using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORCE_NOT_NULL</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Do not match the specified columns' values against the null string.
In the default case where the null string is empty, this means that
empty values will be read as zero-length strings rather than nulls,
even when they are not quoted.
This option is allowed only in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
>, and only when
using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ENCODING</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies that the file is encoded in the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>encoding_name</I
></TT
>. If this option is
omitted, the current client encoding is used. See the Notes below
for more details.
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67099"
></A
><H2
>Outputs</H2
><P
> On successful completion, a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> command returns a command
tag of the form
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>COPY <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>count</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>count</I
></TT
> is the number
of rows copied.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67106"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> can only be used with plain tables, not
with views. However, you can write <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>COPY (SELECT * FROM
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>viewname</I
></TT
>) TO ...</TT
>.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> only deals with the specific table named;
it does not copy data to or from child tables. Thus for example
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>COPY <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table</I
></TT
> TO</TT
>
shows the same data as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SELECT * FROM ONLY <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table</I
></TT
></TT
>. But <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>COPY
(SELECT * FROM <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table</I
></TT
>) TO ...</TT
>
can be used to dump all of the data in an inheritance hierarchy.
</P
><P
> You must have select privilege on the table
whose values are read by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>, and
insert privilege on the table into which values
are inserted by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
>. It is sufficient
to have column privileges on the column(s) listed in the command.
</P
><P
> Files named in a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> command are read or written
directly by the server, not by the client application. Therefore,
they must reside on or be accessible to the database server machine,
not the client. They must be accessible to and readable or writable
by the <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> user (the user ID the
server runs as), not the client. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> naming a
file is only allowed to database superusers, since it allows reading
or writing any file that the server has privileges to access.
</P
><P
> Do not confuse <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> with the
<SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> instruction
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
><A
HREF="app-psql.html#APP-PSQL-META-COMMANDS-COPY"
>\copy</A
></TT
>. <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\copy</TT
> invokes
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM STDIN</TT
> or <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO
STDOUT</TT
>, and then fetches/stores the data in a file
accessible to the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> client. Thus,
file accessibility and access rights depend on the client rather
than the server when <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\copy</TT
> is used.
</P
><P
> It is recommended that the file name used in <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
>
always be specified as an absolute path. This is enforced by the
server in the case of <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>, but for
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> you do have the option of reading from
a file specified by a relative path. The path will be interpreted
relative to the working directory of the server process (normally
the cluster's data directory), not the client's working directory.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> will invoke any triggers and check
constraints on the destination table. However, it will not invoke rules.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> input and output is affected by
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>DateStyle</TT
>. To ensure portability to other
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> installations that might use
non-default <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>DateStyle</TT
> settings,
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>DateStyle</TT
> should be set to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ISO</TT
> before
using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
>. It is also a good idea to avoid dumping
data with <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>IntervalStyle</TT
> set to
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>sql_standard</TT
>, because negative interval values might be
misinterpreted by a server that has a different setting for
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>IntervalStyle</TT
>.
</P
><P
> Input data is interpreted according to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ENCODING</TT
>
option or the current client encoding, and output data is encoded
in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ENCODING</TT
> or the current client encoding, even
if the data does not pass through the client but is read from or
written to a file directly by the server.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> stops operation at the first error. This
should not lead to problems in the event of a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY
TO</TT
>, but the target table will already have received
earlier rows in a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
>. These rows will not
be visible or accessible, but they still occupy disk space. This might
amount to a considerable amount of wasted disk space if the failure
happened well into a large copy operation. You might wish to invoke
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>VACUUM</TT
> to recover the wasted space.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67162"
></A
><H2
>File Formats</H2
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN67164"
></A
><H3
>Text Format</H3
><P
> When the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>text</TT
> format is used,
the data read or written is a text file with one line per table row.
Columns in a row are separated by the delimiter character.
The column values themselves are strings generated by the
output function, or acceptable to the input function, of each
attribute's data type. The specified null string is used in
place of columns that are null.
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> will raise an error if any line of the
input file contains more or fewer columns than are expected.
If <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OIDS</TT
> is specified, the OID is read or written as the first column,
preceding the user data columns.
</P
><P
> End of data can be represented by a single line containing just
backslash-period (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\.</TT
>). An end-of-data marker is
not necessary when reading from a file, since the end of file
serves perfectly well; it is needed only when copying data to or from
client applications using pre-3.0 client protocol.
</P
><P
> Backslash characters (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\</TT
>) can be used in the
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> data to quote data characters that might
otherwise be taken as row or column delimiters. In particular, the
following characters <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>must</I
></SPAN
> be preceded by a backslash if
they appear as part of a column value: backslash itself,
newline, carriage return, and the current delimiter character.
</P
><P
> The specified null string is sent by <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
> without
adding any backslashes; conversely, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> matches
the input against the null string before removing backslashes. Therefore,
a null string such as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\N</TT
> cannot be confused with
the actual data value <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\N</TT
> (which would be represented
as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\\N</TT
>).
</P
><P
> The following special backslash sequences are recognized by
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
>:
<DIV
CLASS="INFORMALTABLE"
><P
></P
><A
NAME="AEN67184"
></A
><TABLE
BORDER="1"
CLASS="CALSTABLE"
><COL><COL><THEAD
><TR
><TH
>Sequence</TH
><TH
>Represents</TH
></TR
></THEAD
><TBODY
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\b</TT
></TD
><TD
>Backspace (ASCII 8)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\f</TT
></TD
><TD
>Form feed (ASCII 12)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\n</TT
></TD
><TD
>Newline (ASCII 10)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\r</TT
></TD
><TD
>Carriage return (ASCII 13)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\t</TT
></TD
><TD
>Tab (ASCII 9)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\v</TT
></TD
><TD
>Vertical tab (ASCII 11)</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\</TT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>digits</I
></TT
></TD
><TD
>Backslash followed by one to three octal digits specifies
the character with that numeric code</TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\x</TT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>digits</I
></TT
></TD
><TD
>Backslash <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>x</TT
> followed by one or two hex digits specifies
the character with that numeric code</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><P
></P
></DIV
>
Presently, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
> will never emit an octal or
hex-digits backslash sequence, but it does use the other sequences
listed above for those control characters.
</P
><P
> Any other backslashed character that is not mentioned in the above table
will be taken to represent itself. However, beware of adding backslashes
unnecessarily, since that might accidentally produce a string matching the
end-of-data marker (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\.</TT
>) or the null string (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\N</TT
> by
default). These strings will be recognized before any other backslash
processing is done.
</P
><P
> It is strongly recommended that applications generating <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> data convert
data newlines and carriage returns to the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\n</TT
> and
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\r</TT
> sequences respectively. At present it is
possible to represent a data carriage return by a backslash and carriage
return, and to represent a data newline by a backslash and newline.
However, these representations might not be accepted in future releases.
They are also highly vulnerable to corruption if the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> file is
transferred across different machines (for example, from Unix to Windows
or vice versa).
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO</TT
> will terminate each row with a Unix-style
newline (<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\n</TT
>"</SPAN
>). Servers running on Microsoft Windows instead
output carriage return/newline (<SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\r\n</TT
>"</SPAN
>), but only for
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> to a server file; for consistency across platforms,
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY TO STDOUT</TT
> always sends <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\n</TT
>"</SPAN
>
regardless of server platform.
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> can handle lines ending with newlines,
carriage returns, or carriage return/newlines. To reduce the risk of
error due to un-backslashed newlines or carriage returns that were
meant as data, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY FROM</TT
> will complain if the line
endings in the input are not all alike.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN67247"
></A
><H3
>CSV Format</H3
><P
> This format option is used for importing and exporting the Comma
Separated Value (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
>) file format used by many other
programs, such as spreadsheets. Instead of the escaping rules used by
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>'s standard text format, it
produces and recognizes the common CSV escaping mechanism.
</P
><P
> The values in each record are separated by the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DELIMITER</TT
>
character. If the value contains the delimiter character, the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>QUOTE</TT
> character, the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> string, a carriage
return, or line feed character, then the whole value is prefixed and
suffixed by the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>QUOTE</TT
> character, and any occurrence
within the value of a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>QUOTE</TT
> character or the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ESCAPE</TT
> character is preceded by the escape character.
You can also use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORCE_QUOTE</TT
> to force quotes when outputting
non-<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> values in specific columns.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format has no standard way to distinguish a
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> value from an empty string.
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>'s <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> handles this by quoting.
A <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> is output as the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> parameter string
and is not quoted, while a non-<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> value matching the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> parameter string is quoted. For example, with the
default settings, a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> is written as an unquoted empty
string, while an empty string data value is written with double quotes
(<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>""</TT
>). Reading values follows similar rules. You can
use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORCE_NOT_NULL</TT
> to prevent <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULL</TT
> input
comparisons for specific columns.
</P
><P
> Because backslash is not a special character in the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
>
format, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\.</TT
>, the end-of-data marker, could also appear
as a data value. To avoid any misinterpretation, a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\.</TT
>
data value appearing as a lone entry on a line is automatically
quoted on output, and on input, if quoted, is not interpreted as the
end-of-data marker. If you are loading a file created by another
application that has a single unquoted column and might have a
value of <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>\.</TT
>, you might need to quote that value in the
input file.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> In <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> format, all characters are significant. A quoted value
surrounded by white space, or any characters other than
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DELIMITER</TT
>, will include those characters. This can cause
errors if you import data from a system that pads <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
>
lines with white space out to some fixed width. If such a situation
arises you might need to preprocess the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> file to remove
the trailing white space, before importing the data into
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> CSV format will both recognize and produce CSV files with quoted
values containing embedded carriage returns and line feeds. Thus
the files are not strictly one line per table row like text-format
files.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> Many programs produce strange and occasionally perverse CSV files,
so the file format is more a convention than a standard. Thus you
might encounter some files that cannot be imported using this
mechanism, and <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> might produce files that other
programs cannot process.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT2"
><A
NAME="AEN67291"
></A
><H3
>Binary Format</H3
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>binary</TT
> format option causes all data to be
stored/read as binary format rather than as text. It is
somewhat faster than the text and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> formats,
but a binary-format file is less portable across machine architectures and
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> versions.
Also, the binary format is very data type specific; for example
it will not work to output binary data from a <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>smallint</TT
> column
and read it into an <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
> column, even though that would work
fine in text format.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>binary</TT
> file format consists
of a file header, zero or more tuples containing the row data, and
a file trailer. Headers and data are in network byte order.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> releases before 7.4 used a
different binary file format.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN67304"
></A
><H4
>File Header</H4
><P
> The file header consists of 15 bytes of fixed fields, followed
by a variable-length header extension area. The fixed fields are:
<P
></P
></P><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
>Signature</DT
><DD
><P
>11-byte sequence <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>PGCOPY\n\377\r\n\0</TT
> — note that the zero byte
is a required part of the signature. (The signature is designed to allow
easy identification of files that have been munged by a non-8-bit-clean
transfer. This signature will be changed by end-of-line-translation
filters, dropped zero bytes, dropped high bits, or parity changes.)
</P
></DD
><DT
>Flags field</DT
><DD
><P
>32-bit integer bit mask to denote important aspects of the file format. Bits
are numbered from 0 (<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>LSB</ACRONYM
>) to 31 (<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>MSB</ACRONYM
>). Note that
this field is stored in network byte order (most significant byte first),
as are all the integer fields used in the file format. Bits
16-31 are reserved to denote critical file format issues; a reader
should abort if it finds an unexpected bit set in this range. Bits 0-15
are reserved to signal backwards-compatible format issues; a reader
should simply ignore any unexpected bits set in this range. Currently
only one flag bit is defined, and the rest must be zero:
<P
></P
></P><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
>Bit 16</DT
><DD
><P
> if 1, OIDs are included in the data; if 0, not
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><P></P
></DD
><DT
>Header extension area length</DT
><DD
><P
>32-bit integer, length in bytes of remainder of header, not including self.
Currently, this is zero, and the first tuple follows
immediately. Future changes to the format might allow additional data
to be present in the header. A reader should silently skip over any header
extension data it does not know what to do with.
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
><P>
</P
><P
>The header extension area is envisioned to contain a sequence of
self-identifying chunks. The flags field is not intended to tell readers
what is in the extension area. Specific design of header extension contents
is left for a later release.
</P
><P
> This design allows for both backwards-compatible header additions (add
header extension chunks, or set low-order flag bits) and
non-backwards-compatible changes (set high-order flag bits to signal such
changes, and add supporting data to the extension area if needed).
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN67330"
></A
><H4
>Tuples</H4
><P
>Each tuple begins with a 16-bit integer count of the number of fields in the
tuple. (Presently, all tuples in a table will have the same count, but that
might not always be true.) Then, repeated for each field in the tuple, there
is a 32-bit length word followed by that many bytes of field data. (The
length word does not include itself, and can be zero.) As a special case,
-1 indicates a NULL field value. No value bytes follow in the NULL case.
</P
><P
>There is no alignment padding or any other extra data between fields.
</P
><P
>Presently, all data values in a binary-format file are
assumed to be in binary format (format code one). It is anticipated that a
future extension might add a header field that allows per-column format codes
to be specified.
</P
><P
>To determine the appropriate binary format for the actual tuple data you
should consult the <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> source, in
particular the <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>*send</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>*recv</CODE
> functions for
each column's data type (typically these functions are found in the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>src/backend/utils/adt/</TT
> directory of the source
distribution).
</P
><P
>If OIDs are included in the file, the OID field immediately follows the
field-count word. It is a normal field except that it's not included
in the field-count. In particular it has a length word — this will allow
handling of 4-byte vs. 8-byte OIDs without too much pain, and will allow
OIDs to be shown as null if that ever proves desirable.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT3"
><A
NAME="AEN67341"
></A
><H4
>File Trailer</H4
><P
> The file trailer consists of a 16-bit integer word containing -1. This
is easily distinguished from a tuple's field-count word.
</P
><P
> A reader should report an error if a field-count word is neither -1
nor the expected number of columns. This provides an extra
check against somehow getting out of sync with the data.
</P
></DIV
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67345"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
> The following example copies a table to the client
using the vertical bar (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>|</TT
>) as the field delimiter:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>COPY country TO STDOUT (DELIMITER '|');</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> To copy data from a file into the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>country</TT
> table:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>COPY country FROM '/usr1/proj/bray/sql/country_data';</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> To copy into a file just the countries whose names start with 'A':
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>COPY (SELECT * FROM country WHERE country_name LIKE 'A%') TO '/usr1/proj/bray/sql/a_list_countries.copy';</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Here is a sample of data suitable for copying into a table from
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>STDIN</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>AF AFGHANISTAN
AL ALBANIA
DZ ALGERIA
ZM ZAMBIA
ZW ZIMBABWE</PRE
><P>
Note that the white space on each line is actually a tab character.
</P
><P
> The following is the same data, output in binary format.
The data is shown after filtering through the
Unix utility <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>od -c</TT
>. The table has three columns;
the first has type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>char(2)</TT
>, the second has type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>text</TT
>,
and the third has type <TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>. All the rows have a null value
in the third column.
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>0000000 P G C O P Y \n 377 \r \n \0 \0 \0 \0 \0 \0
0000020 \0 \0 \0 \0 003 \0 \0 \0 002 A F \0 \0 \0 013 A
0000040 F G H A N I S T A N 377 377 377 377 \0 003
0000060 \0 \0 \0 002 A L \0 \0 \0 007 A L B A N I
0000100 A 377 377 377 377 \0 003 \0 \0 \0 002 D Z \0 \0 \0
0000120 007 A L G E R I A 377 377 377 377 \0 003 \0 \0
0000140 \0 002 Z M \0 \0 \0 006 Z A M B I A 377 377
0000160 377 377 \0 003 \0 \0 \0 002 Z W \0 \0 \0 \b Z I
0000200 M B A B W E 377 377 377 377 377 377</PRE
><P></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN67364"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
> There is no <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>COPY</TT
> statement in the SQL standard.
</P
><P
> The following syntax was used before <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
version 9.0 and is still supported:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>COPY <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]
FROM { '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>' | STDIN }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>delimiter</I
></TT
>' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>null string</I
></TT
>' ]
[ CSV [ HEADER ]
[ QUOTE [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quote</I
></TT
>' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>escape</I
></TT
>' ]
[ FORCE NOT NULL <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ] ] ]
COPY { <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ] | ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
> ) }
TO { '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>' | STDOUT }
[ [ WITH ]
[ BINARY ]
[ OIDS ]
[ DELIMITER [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>delimiter</I
></TT
>' ]
[ NULL [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>null string</I
></TT
>' ]
[ CSV [ HEADER ]
[ QUOTE [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>quote</I
></TT
>' ]
[ ESCAPE [ AS ] '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>escape</I
></TT
>' ]
[ FORCE QUOTE { <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] | * } ] ] ]</PRE
><P>
Note that in this syntax, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BINARY</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CSV</TT
> are
treated as independent keywords, not as arguments of a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORMAT</TT
>
option.
</P
><P
> The following syntax was used before <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
version 7.3 and is still supported:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>COPY [ BINARY ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ WITH OIDS ]
FROM { '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>' | STDIN }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>delimiter</I
></TT
>' ]
[ WITH NULL AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>null string</I
></TT
>' ]
COPY [ BINARY ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ WITH OIDS ]
TO { '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>filename</I
></TT
>' | STDOUT }
[ [USING] DELIMITERS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>delimiter</I
></TT
>' ]
[ WITH NULL AS '<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>null string</I
></TT
>' ]</PRE
><P></P
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