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><A
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>7.6. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
></A
></H1
><P
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
> allow you to retrieve just
a portion of the rows that are generated by the rest of the query:
</P><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>SELECT <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>select_list</I
></TT
>
FROM <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_expression</I
></TT
>
[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> ORDER BY ... </SPAN
>]
[<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> LIMIT { <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>number</I
></TT
> | ALL } </SPAN
>] [<SPAN
CLASS="OPTIONAL"
> OFFSET <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>number</I
></TT
> </SPAN
>]</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> If a limit count is given, no more than that many rows will be
returned (but possibly less, if the query itself yields less rows).
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT ALL</TT
> is the same as omitting the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
>
clause.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
> says to skip that many rows before beginning to
return rows. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET 0</TT
> is the same as omitting the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
> clause, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT NULL</TT
> is the same
as omitting the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> clause. If both <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
>
and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> appear, then <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
> rows are
skipped before starting to count the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> rows that
are returned.
</P
><P
> When using <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
>, it is important to use an
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ORDER BY</TT
> clause that constrains the result rows into a
unique order. Otherwise you will get an unpredictable subset of
the query's rows. You might be asking for the tenth through
twentieth rows, but tenth through twentieth in what ordering? The
ordering is unknown, unless you specified <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ORDER BY</TT
>.
</P
><P
> The query optimizer takes <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> into account when
generating query plans, so you are very likely to get different
plans (yielding different row orders) depending on what you give
for <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
>. Thus, using
different <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
> values to select
different subsets of a query result <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>will give
inconsistent results</I
></SPAN
> unless you enforce a predictable
result ordering with <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ORDER BY</TT
>. This is not a bug; it
is an inherent consequence of the fact that SQL does not promise to
deliver the results of a query in any particular order unless
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ORDER BY</TT
> is used to constrain the order.
</P
><P
> The rows skipped by an <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
> clause still have to be
computed inside the server; therefore a large <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFFSET</TT
>
might be inefficient.
</P
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