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><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="FUNCTIONS"
></A
>Chapter 9. Functions and Operators</H1
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>9.1. <A
HREF="functions-logical.html"
>Logical Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.2. <A
HREF="functions-comparison.html"
>Comparison Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.3. <A
HREF="functions-math.html"
>Mathematical Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.4. <A
HREF="functions-string.html"
>String Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.5. <A
HREF="functions-binarystring.html"
>Binary String Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.6. <A
HREF="functions-bitstring.html"
>Bit String Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.7. <A
HREF="functions-matching.html"
>Pattern Matching</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.7.1. <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-LIKE"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>LIKE</CODE
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.7.2. <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-SIMILARTO-REGEXP"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>SIMILAR TO</CODE
> Regular Expressions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.7.3. <A
HREF="functions-matching.html#FUNCTIONS-POSIX-REGEXP"
><ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>POSIX</ACRONYM
> Regular Expressions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.8. <A
HREF="functions-formatting.html"
>Data Type Formatting Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.9. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html"
>Date/Time Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.9.1. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-EXTRACT"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>EXTRACT</CODE
>, <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_part</CODE
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.9.2. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-TRUNC"
><CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>date_trunc</CODE
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.9.3. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-ZONECONVERT"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>AT TIME ZONE</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.9.4. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-CURRENT"
>Current Date/Time</A
></DT
><DT
>9.9.5. <A
HREF="functions-datetime.html#FUNCTIONS-DATETIME-DELAY"
>Delaying Execution</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.10. <A
HREF="functions-enum.html"
>Enum Support Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.11. <A
HREF="functions-geometry.html"
>Geometric Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.12. <A
HREF="functions-net.html"
>Network Address Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.13. <A
HREF="functions-textsearch.html"
>Text Search Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.14. <A
HREF="functions-xml.html"
>XML Functions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.14.1. <A
HREF="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-PRODUCING-XML"
>Producing XML Content</A
></DT
><DT
>9.14.2. <A
HREF="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-XML-PREDICATES"
>XML Predicates</A
></DT
><DT
>9.14.3. <A
HREF="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-XML-PROCESSING"
>Processing XML</A
></DT
><DT
>9.14.4. <A
HREF="functions-xml.html#FUNCTIONS-XML-MAPPING"
>Mapping Tables to XML</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.15. <A
HREF="functions-json.html"
>JSON Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.16. <A
HREF="functions-sequence.html"
>Sequence Manipulation Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.17. <A
HREF="functions-conditional.html"
>Conditional Expressions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.17.1. <A
HREF="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-CASE"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>CASE</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.17.2. <A
HREF="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-COALESCE-NVL-IFNULL"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>COALESCE</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.17.3. <A
HREF="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-NULLIF"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NULLIF</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.17.4. <A
HREF="functions-conditional.html#FUNCTIONS-GREATEST-LEAST"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>GREATEST</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LEAST</TT
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.18. <A
HREF="functions-array.html"
>Array Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.19. <A
HREF="functions-range.html"
>Range Functions and Operators</A
></DT
><DT
>9.20. <A
HREF="functions-aggregate.html"
>Aggregate Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.21. <A
HREF="functions-window.html"
>Window Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.22. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html"
>Subquery Expressions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.22.1. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-EXISTS"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EXISTS</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.22.2. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-IN"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IN</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.22.3. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-NOTIN"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NOT IN</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.22.4. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-ANY-SOME"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANY</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SOME</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.22.5. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html#FUNCTIONS-SUBQUERY-ALL"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ALL</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.22.6. <A
HREF="functions-subquery.html#AEN18263"
>Row-wise Comparison</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.23. <A
HREF="functions-comparisons.html"
>Row and Array Comparisons</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.23.1. <A
HREF="functions-comparisons.html#AEN18300"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>IN</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.23.2. <A
HREF="functions-comparisons.html#AEN18316"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>NOT IN</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>9.23.3. <A
HREF="functions-comparisons.html#AEN18338"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANY</TT
>/<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SOME</TT
> (array)</A
></DT
><DT
>9.23.4. <A
HREF="functions-comparisons.html#AEN18361"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ALL</TT
> (array)</A
></DT
><DT
>9.23.5. <A
HREF="functions-comparisons.html#ROW-WISE-COMPARISON"
>Row-wise Comparison</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.24. <A
HREF="functions-srf.html"
>Set Returning Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.25. <A
HREF="functions-info.html"
>System Information Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html"
>System Administration Functions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>9.26.1. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SET"
>Configuration Settings Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.2. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-SIGNAL"
>Server Signalling Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.3. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-BACKUP"
>Backup Control Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.4. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-RECOVERY-CONTROL"
>Recovery Control Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.5. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-SNAPSHOT-SYNCHRONIZATION"
>Snapshot Synchronization Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.6. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-DBOBJECT"
>Database Object Management Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.7. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADMIN-GENFILE"
>Generic File Access Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>9.26.8. <A
HREF="functions-admin.html#FUNCTIONS-ADVISORY-LOCKS"
>Advisory Lock Functions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>9.27. <A
HREF="functions-trigger.html"
>Trigger Functions</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><P
>   <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> provides a large number of
   functions and operators for the built-in data types.  Users can also
   define their own functions and operators, as described in
   <A
HREF="server-programming.html"
>Part V</A
>.  The
   <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>psql</SPAN
> commands <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\df</TT
> and
   <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>\do</TT
> can be used to list all
   available functions and operators, respectively.
  </P
><P
>   If you are concerned about portability then note that most of
   the functions and operators described in this chapter, with the
   exception of the most trivial arithmetic and comparison operators
   and some explicitly marked functions, are not specified by the
   <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> standard. Some of this extended functionality
   is present in other <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> database management
   systems, and in many cases this functionality is compatible and
   consistent between the various implementations.  This chapter is also
   not exhaustive;  additional functions appear in relevant sections of
   the manual.
  </P
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