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><DIV
CLASS="CHAPTER"
><H1
><A
NAME="ECPG"
></A
>Chapter 33. <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>ECPG</SPAN
> - Embedded <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> in C</H1
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>33.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-concept.html"
>The Concept</A
></DT
><DT
>33.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-connect.html"
>Managing Database Connections</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.2.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-connect.html#ECPG-CONNECTING"
>Connecting to the Database Server</A
></DT
><DT
>33.2.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-connect.html#ECPG-SET-CONNECTION"
>Choosing a Connection</A
></DT
><DT
>33.2.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-connect.html#ECPG-DISCONNECT"
>Closing a Connection</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-commands.html"
>Running SQL Commands</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.3.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-commands.html#ECPG-EXECUTING"
>Executing SQL Statements</A
></DT
><DT
>33.3.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-commands.html#ECPG-CURSORS"
>Using Cursors</A
></DT
><DT
>33.3.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-commands.html#ECPG-TRANSACTIONS"
>Managing Transactions</A
></DT
><DT
>33.3.4. <A
HREF="ecpg-commands.html#ECPG-PREPARED"
>Prepared Statements</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.4. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html"
>Using Host Variables</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.4.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html#ECPG-VARIABLES-OVERVIEW"
>Overview</A
></DT
><DT
>33.4.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html#ECPG-DECLARE-SECTIONS"
>Declare Sections</A
></DT
><DT
>33.4.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html#ECPG-RETRIEVING"
>Retrieving Query Results</A
></DT
><DT
>33.4.4. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html#ECPG-VARIABLES-TYPE-MAPPING"
>Type Mapping</A
></DT
><DT
>33.4.5. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html#ECPG-VARIABLES-NONPRIMITIVE-SQL"
>Handling Nonprimitive SQL Data Types</A
></DT
><DT
>33.4.6. <A
HREF="ecpg-variables.html#ECPG-INDICATORS"
>Indicators</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.5. <A
HREF="ecpg-dynamic.html"
>Dynamic SQL</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.5.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-dynamic.html#ECPG-DYNAMIC-WITHOUT-RESULT"
>Executing Statements without a Result Set</A
></DT
><DT
>33.5.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-dynamic.html#ECPG-DYNAMIC-INPUT"
>Executing a Statement with Input Parameters</A
></DT
><DT
>33.5.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-dynamic.html#ECPG-DYNAMIC-WITH-RESULT"
>Executing a Statement with a Result Set</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.6. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html"
>pgtypes Library</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.6.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-NUMERIC"
>The numeric Type</A
></DT
><DT
>33.6.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-DATE"
>The date Type</A
></DT
><DT
>33.6.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-TIMESTAMP"
>The timestamp Type</A
></DT
><DT
>33.6.4. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-INTERVAL"
>The interval Type</A
></DT
><DT
>33.6.5. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-DECIMAL"
>The decimal Type</A
></DT
><DT
>33.6.6. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-ERRNO"
>errno Values of pgtypeslib</A
></DT
><DT
>33.6.7. <A
HREF="ecpg-pgtypes.html#ECPG-PGTYPES-CONSTANTS"
>Special Constants of pgtypeslib</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.7. <A
HREF="ecpg-descriptors.html"
>Using Descriptor Areas</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.7.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-descriptors.html#ECPG-NAMED-DESCRIPTORS"
>Named SQL Descriptor Areas</A
></DT
><DT
>33.7.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-descriptors.html#ECPG-SQLDA-DESCRIPTORS"
>SQLDA Descriptor Areas</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.8. <A
HREF="ecpg-errors.html"
>Error Handling</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.8.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-errors.html#ECPG-WHENEVER"
>Setting Callbacks</A
></DT
><DT
>33.8.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-errors.html#ECPG-SQLCA"
>sqlca</A
></DT
><DT
>33.8.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-errors.html#ECPG-SQLSTATE-SQLCODE"
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQLSTATE</TT
> vs. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SQLCODE</TT
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.9. <A
HREF="ecpg-preproc.html"
>Preprocessor Directives</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.9.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-preproc.html#ECPG-INCLUDE"
>Including Files</A
></DT
><DT
>33.9.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-preproc.html#ECPG-DEFINE"
>The define and undef Directives</A
></DT
><DT
>33.9.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-preproc.html#ECPG-IFDEF"
>ifdef, ifndef, else, elif, and endif Directives</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.10. <A
HREF="ecpg-process.html"
>Processing Embedded SQL Programs</A
></DT
><DT
>33.11. <A
HREF="ecpg-library.html"
>Library Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>33.12. <A
HREF="ecpg-lo.html"
>Large Objects</A
></DT
><DT
>33.13. <A
HREF="ecpg-cpp.html"
><ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>C++</ACRONYM
> Applications</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.13.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-SCOPE"
>Scope for Host Variables</A
></DT
><DT
>33.13.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-cpp.html#ECPG-CPP-AND-C"
>C++ Application Development with External C Module</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.14. <A
HREF="ecpg-sql-commands.html"
>Embedded SQL Commands</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-allocate-descriptor.html"
>ALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;allocate an SQL descriptor area</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-connect.html"
>CONNECT</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;establish a database connection</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-deallocate-descriptor.html"
>DEALLOCATE DESCRIPTOR</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;deallocate an SQL descriptor area</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-declare.html"
>DECLARE</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;define a cursor</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-describe.html"
>DESCRIBE</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;obtain information about a prepared statement or result set</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-disconnect.html"
>DISCONNECT</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;terminate a database connection</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-execute-immediate.html"
>EXECUTE IMMEDIATE</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;dynamically prepare and execute a statement</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-get-descriptor.html"
>GET DESCRIPTOR</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;get information from an SQL descriptor area</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-open.html"
>OPEN</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;open a dynamic cursor</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-prepare.html"
>PREPARE</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;prepare a statement for execution</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-set-autocommit.html"
>SET AUTOCOMMIT</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;set the autocommit behavior of the current session</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-set-connection.html"
>SET CONNECTION</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;select a database connection</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-set-descriptor.html"
>SET DESCRIPTOR</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;set information in an SQL descriptor area</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-type.html"
>TYPE</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;define a new data type</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-var.html"
>VAR</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;define a variable</DT
><DT
><A
HREF="ecpg-sql-whenever.html"
>WHENEVER</A
>&nbsp;--&nbsp;specify the action to be taken when an SQL statement causes a specific class condition to be raised</DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.15. <A
HREF="ecpg-informix-compat.html"
><SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>Informix</SPAN
> Compatibility Mode</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>33.15.1. <A
HREF="ecpg-informix-compat.html#ECPG-INFORMIX-TYPES"
>Additional Types</A
></DT
><DT
>33.15.2. <A
HREF="ecpg-informix-compat.html#ECPG-INFORMIX-STATEMENTS"
>Additional/Missing Embedded SQL Statements</A
></DT
><DT
>33.15.3. <A
HREF="ecpg-informix-compat.html#ECPG-INFORMIX-SQLDA"
>Informix-compatible SQLDA Descriptor Areas</A
></DT
><DT
>33.15.4. <A
HREF="ecpg-informix-compat.html#ECPG-INFORMIX-FUNCTIONS"
>Additional Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>33.15.5. <A
HREF="ecpg-informix-compat.html#ECPG-INFORMIX-CONSTANTS"
>Additional Constants</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>33.16. <A
HREF="ecpg-develop.html"
>Internals</A
></DT
></DL
></DIV
><P
>  This chapter describes the embedded <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SQL</ACRONYM
> package
  for <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>. It was written by
  Linus Tolke (<CODE
CLASS="EMAIL"
>&#60;<A
HREF="mailto:linus@epact.se"
>linus@epact.se</A
>&#62;</CODE
>) and Michael Meskes
  (<CODE
CLASS="EMAIL"
>&#60;<A
HREF="mailto:meskes@postgresql.org"
>meskes@postgresql.org</A
>&#62;</CODE
>). Originally it was written to work with
  <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>C</ACRONYM
>. It also works with <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>C++</ACRONYM
>, but
  it does not recognize all <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>C++</ACRONYM
> constructs yet.
 </P
><P
>  This documentation is quite incomplete.  But since this
  interface is standardized, additional information can be found in
  many resources about SQL.
 </P
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