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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Database Roles</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Database Roles" HREF="user-manag.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Database Roles" HREF="user-manag.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Role Attributes" HREF="role-attributes.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2017-11-06T22:43:11"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Database Roles" HREF="user-manag.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="user-manag.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 20. Database Roles</TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Role Attributes" HREF="role-attributes.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="DATABASE-ROLES" >20.1. Database Roles</A ></H1 ><P > Database roles are conceptually completely separate from operating system users. In practice it might be convenient to maintain a correspondence, but this is not required. Database roles are global across a database cluster installation (and not per individual database). To create a role use the <A HREF="sql-createrole.html" >CREATE ROLE</A > SQL command: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >CREATE ROLE <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >name</I ></TT >;</PRE ><P> <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >name</I ></TT > follows the rules for SQL identifiers: either unadorned without special characters, or double-quoted. (In practice, you will usually want to add additional options, such as <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >LOGIN</TT >, to the command. More details appear below.) To remove an existing role, use the analogous <A HREF="sql-droprole.html" >DROP ROLE</A > command: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >DROP ROLE <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >name</I ></TT >;</PRE ><P> </P ><P > For convenience, the programs <A HREF="app-createuser.html" ><SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >createuser</SPAN ></A > and <A HREF="app-dropuser.html" ><SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >dropuser</SPAN ></A > are provided as wrappers around these SQL commands that can be called from the shell command line: </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >createuser <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >name</I ></TT > dropuser <TT CLASS="REPLACEABLE" ><I >name</I ></TT ></PRE ><P> </P ><P > To determine the set of existing roles, examine the <TT CLASS="STRUCTNAME" >pg_roles</TT > system catalog, for example </P><PRE CLASS="SYNOPSIS" >SELECT rolname FROM pg_roles;</PRE ><P> The <A HREF="app-psql.html" ><SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >psql</SPAN ></A > program's <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >\du</TT > meta-command is also useful for listing the existing roles. </P ><P > In order to bootstrap the database system, a freshly initialized system always contains one predefined role. This role is always a <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"superuser"</SPAN >, and by default (unless altered when running <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >initdb</TT >) it will have the same name as the operating system user that initialized the database cluster. Customarily, this role will be named <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >postgres</TT >. In order to create more roles you first have to connect as this initial role. </P ><P > Every connection to the database server is made using the name of some particular role, and this role determines the initial access privileges for commands issued in that connection. The role name to use for a particular database connection is indicated by the client that is initiating the connection request in an application-specific fashion. For example, the <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >psql</TT > program uses the <TT CLASS="OPTION" >-U</TT > command line option to indicate the role to connect as. Many applications assume the name of the current operating system user by default (including <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >createuser</TT > and <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >psql</TT >). Therefore it is often convenient to maintain a naming correspondence between roles and operating system users. </P ><P > The set of database roles a given client connection can connect as is determined by the client authentication setup, as explained in <A HREF="client-authentication.html" >Chapter 19</A >. (Thus, a client is not limited to connect as the role matching its operating system user, just as a person's login name need not match her real name.) Since the role identity determines the set of privileges available to a connected client, it is important to carefully configure privileges when setting up a multiuser environment. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="user-manag.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="role-attributes.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Database Roles</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="user-manag.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Role Attributes</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >