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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN"> <HTML> <HEAD> <META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="SGML-Tools 1.0.9"> <TITLE>The Linux keyboard and console HOWTO: Keyboard generalities</TITLE> <LINK HREF="kbd.FAQ-3.html" REL=next> <LINK HREF="kbd.FAQ-1.html" REL=previous> <LINK HREF="kbd.FAQ.html#toc2" REL=contents> </HEAD> <BODY> <A HREF="kbd.FAQ-3.html">Next</A> <A HREF="kbd.FAQ-1.html">Previous</A> <A HREF="kbd.FAQ.html#toc2">Contents</A> <HR> <H2><A NAME="s2">2. Keyboard generalities</A></H2> <P> <!-- keyboard!theory of operation --> <P>You press a key, and the keyboard controller sends <A HREF="http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/linux/kbd/scancodes.html">scancodes</A> to the kernel keyboard driver. Some keyboards can be programmed, but usually the scancodes corresponding to your keys are fixed. The kernel keyboard driver just transmits whatever it receives to the application program when it is in <EM>scancode mode</EM>, like when <CODE>X</CODE> is running. Otherwise, it parses the stream of scancodes into keycodes, corresponding to key press or key release events. (A single key press can generate up to 6 scancodes.) These keycodes are transmitted to the application program when it is in <EM>keycode mode</EM> (as used, for example, by <CODE>showkey</CODE> and some X servers). Otherwise, these keycodes are looked up in the keymap, and the character or string found there is transmitted to the application, or the action described there is performed. (For example, if one presses and releases the <CODE>a</CODE> key, then the keyboard produces scancodes 0x1e and 0x9e, this is converted to keycodes 30 and 158, and then transmitted as 0141, the ASCII or latin-1 code for `a'; if one presses and releases <CODE>Delete</CODE>, then the keyboard produces scancodes 0xe0 0x53 0xe0 0xd3, these are converted to keycodes 111 and 239, and then transmitted as the 4-symbol sequence ESC [ 3 ~, all assuming a US keyboard and a default keymap. An example of a key combination to which an action is assigned is Ctrl-Alt-Del.) <P>The translation between unusual scancodes and keycodes can be set using the utility <CODE>setkeycodes</CODE> - only few people will need it. The translation between keycodes and characters or strings or actions, that is, the keymap, is set using the utilities <CODE>loadkeys</CODE> and <CODE>setmetamode</CODE>. For details, see getkeycodes(8), setkeycodes(8), dumpkeys(1), loadkeys(1), setmetamode(1). The format of the files output by <CODE>dumpkeys</CODE> and read by <CODE>loadkeys</CODE> is described in keymaps(5). <P>Where it says `transmitted to the application' in the above description, this really means `transmitted to the terminal driver'. That is, further processing is just like that of text that comes in over a serial line. The details of this processing are set by the program <CODE>stty</CODE>. <P> <HR> <A HREF="kbd.FAQ-3.html">Next</A> <A HREF="kbd.FAQ-1.html">Previous</A> <A HREF="kbd.FAQ.html#toc2">Contents</A> </BODY> </HTML>