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><H1
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>EXPLAIN</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN75352"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>EXPLAIN -- show the execution plan of a statement</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN75363"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>EXPLAIN [ ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>option</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>statement</I
></TT
>
EXPLAIN [ ANALYZE ] [ VERBOSE ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>statement</I
></TT
>
<SPAN
CLASS="phrase"
><SPAN
CLASS="PHRASE"
>where <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>option</I
></TT
> can be one of:</SPAN
></SPAN
>
ANALYZE [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
VERBOSE [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
COSTS [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
BUFFERS [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
TIMING [ <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> ]
FORMAT { TEXT | XML | JSON | YAML }</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75375"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
> This command displays the execution plan that the
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> planner generates for the
supplied statement. The execution plan shows how the table(s)
referenced by the statement will be scanned — by plain sequential scan,
index scan, etc. — and if multiple tables are referenced, what join
algorithms will be used to bring together the required rows from
each input table.
</P
><P
> The most critical part of the display is the estimated statement execution
cost, which is the planner's guess at how long it will take to run the
statement (measured in cost units that are arbitrary, but conventionally
mean disk page fetches). Actually two numbers
are shown: the start-up cost before the first row can be returned, and
the total cost to return all the rows. For most queries the total cost
is what matters, but in contexts such as a subquery in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>EXISTS</TT
>, the planner
will choose the smallest start-up cost instead of the smallest total cost
(since the executor will stop after getting one row, anyway).
Also, if you limit the number of rows to return with a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>LIMIT</TT
> clause,
the planner makes an appropriate interpolation between the endpoint
costs to estimate which plan is really the cheapest.
</P
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANALYZE</TT
> option causes the statement to be actually
executed, not only planned. Then actual runtime statistics are added to
the display, including the total elapsed time expended within each plan
node (in milliseconds) and the total number of rows it actually returned.
This is useful for seeing whether the planner's estimates
are close to reality.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="IMPORTANT"
><P
><B
>Important: </B
> Keep in mind that the statement is actually executed when
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANALYZE</TT
> option is used. Although
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN</TT
> will discard any output that a
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
> would return, other side effects of the
statement will happen as usual. If you wish to use
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</TT
> on an
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>UPDATE</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>DELETE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE TABLE AS</TT
>,
or <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXECUTE</TT
> statement
without letting the command affect your data, use this approach:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>BEGIN;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE ...;
ROLLBACK;</PRE
><P>
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><P
> Only the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANALYZE</TT
> and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VERBOSE</TT
> options
can be specified, and only in that order, without surrounding the option
list in parentheses. Prior to <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> 9.0,
the unparenthesized syntax was the only one supported. It is expected that
all new options will be supported only in the parenthesized syntax.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75400"
></A
><H2
>Parameters</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANALYZE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Carry out the command and show actual run times and other statistics.
This parameter defaults to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FALSE</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VERBOSE</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Display additional information regarding the plan. Specifically, include
the output column list for each node in the plan tree, schema-qualify
table and function names, always label variables in expressions with
their range table alias, and always print the name of each trigger for
which statistics are displayed. This parameter defaults to
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FALSE</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>COSTS</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Include information on the estimated startup and total cost of each
plan node, as well as the estimated number of rows and the estimated
width of each row. This parameter defaults to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUE</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>BUFFERS</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Include information on buffer usage. Specifically, include the number of
shared blocks hit, read, dirtied, and written, the number of local blocks
hit, read, dirtied, and written, and the number of temp blocks read and
written.
A <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>hit</I
></SPAN
> means that a read was avoided because the block was
found already in cache when needed.
Shared blocks contain data from regular tables and indexes;
local blocks contain data from temporary tables and indexes;
while temp blocks contain short-term working data used in sorts, hashes,
Materialize plan nodes, and similar cases.
The number of blocks <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>dirtied</I
></SPAN
> indicates the number of
previously unmodified blocks that were changed by this query; while the
number of blocks <SPAN
CLASS="emphasis"
><I
CLASS="EMPHASIS"
>written</I
></SPAN
> indicates the number of
previously-dirtied blocks evicted from cache by this backend during
query processing.
The number of blocks shown for an
upper-level node includes those used by all its child nodes. In text
format, only non-zero values are printed. This parameter may only be
used when <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANALYZE</TT
> is also enabled. It defaults to
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FALSE</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TIMING</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Include the actual startup time and time spent in the node in the output.
The overhead of repeatedly reading the system clock can slow down the
query significantly on some systems, so it may be useful to set this
parameter to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FALSE</TT
> when only actual row counts, and not
exact times, are needed.
This parameter may only be used when <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ANALYZE</TT
> is also
enabled. It defaults to <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUE</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FORMAT</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specify the output format, which can be TEXT, XML, JSON, or YAML.
Non-text output contains the same information as the text output
format, but is easier for programs to parse. This parameter defaults to
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TEXT</TT
>.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies whether the selected option should be turned on or off.
You can write <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ON</TT
>, or
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1</TT
> to enable the option, and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>FALSE</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>OFF</TT
>, or <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0</TT
> to disable it. The
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>boolean</I
></TT
> value can also
be omitted, in which case <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>TRUE</TT
> is assumed.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>statement</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> Any <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>UPDATE</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>DELETE</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>VALUES</TT
>, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXECUTE</TT
>,
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>DECLARE</TT
>, or <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>CREATE TABLE AS</TT
>
statement, whose execution plan you wish to see.
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75471"
></A
><H2
>Outputs</H2
><P
> The command's result is a textual description of the plan selected
for the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>statement</I
></TT
>,
optionally annotated with execution statistics.
<A
HREF="using-explain.html"
>Section 14.1</A
> describes the information provided.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75476"
></A
><H2
>Notes</H2
><P
> In order to allow the <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> query
planner to make reasonably informed decisions when optimizing
queries, the <A
HREF="catalog-pg-statistic.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_statistic</TT
></A
>
data should be up-to-date for all tables used in the query. Normally
the <A
HREF="routine-vacuuming.html#AUTOVACUUM"
>autovacuum daemon</A
> will take care
of that automatically. But if a table has recently had substantial
changes in its contents, you might need to do a manual
<A
HREF="sql-analyze.html"
>ANALYZE</A
> rather than wait for autovacuum to catch up
with the changes.
</P
><P
> In order to measure the run-time cost of each node in the execution
plan, the current implementation of <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN
ANALYZE</TT
> adds profiling overhead to query execution.
As a result, running <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN ANALYZE</TT
>
on a query can sometimes take significantly longer than executing
the query normally. The amount of overhead depends on the nature of
the query, as well as the platform being used. The worst case occurs
for plan nodes that in themselves require very little time per
execution, and on machines that have relatively slow operating
system calls for obtaining the time of day.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75487"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
> To show the plan for a simple query on a table with a single
<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
> column and 10000 rows:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM foo;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------
Seq Scan on foo (cost=0.00..155.00 rows=10000 width=4)
(1 row)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Here is the same query, with JSON output formatting:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>EXPLAIN (FORMAT JSON) SELECT * FROM foo;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------
[ +
{ +
"Plan": { +
"Node Type": "Seq Scan",+
"Relation Name": "foo", +
"Alias": "foo", +
"Startup Cost": 0.00, +
"Total Cost": 155.00, +
"Plan Rows": 10000, +
"Plan Width": 4 +
} +
} +
]
(1 row)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> If there is an index and we use a query with an indexable
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WHERE</TT
> condition, <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN</TT
>
might show a different plan:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM foo WHERE i = 4;
QUERY PLAN
--------------------------------------------------------------
Index Scan using fi on foo (cost=0.00..5.98 rows=1 width=4)
Index Cond: (i = 4)
(2 rows)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Here is the same query, but in YAML format:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>EXPLAIN (FORMAT YAML) SELECT * FROM foo WHERE i='4';
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------
- Plan: +
Node Type: "Index Scan" +
Scan Direction: "Forward"+
Index Name: "fi" +
Relation Name: "foo" +
Alias: "foo" +
Startup Cost: 0.00 +
Total Cost: 5.98 +
Plan Rows: 1 +
Plan Width: 4 +
Index Cond: "(i = 4)"
(1 row)</PRE
><P>
XML format is left as an exercise for the reader.
</P
><P
> Here is the same plan with cost estimates suppressed:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>EXPLAIN (COSTS FALSE) SELECT * FROM foo WHERE i = 4;
QUERY PLAN
----------------------------
Index Scan using fi on foo
Index Cond: (i = 4)
(2 rows)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Here is an example of a query plan for a query using an aggregate
function:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>EXPLAIN SELECT sum(i) FROM foo WHERE i < 10;
QUERY PLAN
---------------------------------------------------------------------
Aggregate (cost=23.93..23.93 rows=1 width=4)
-> Index Scan using fi on foo (cost=0.00..23.92 rows=6 width=4)
Index Cond: (i < 10)
(3 rows)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Here is an example of using <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN EXECUTE</TT
> to
display the execution plan for a prepared query:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>PREPARE query(int, int) AS SELECT sum(bar) FROM test
WHERE id > $1 AND id < $2
GROUP BY foo;
EXPLAIN ANALYZE EXECUTE query(100, 200);
QUERY PLAN
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
HashAggregate (cost=39.53..39.53 rows=1 width=8) (actual time=0.661..0.672 rows=7 loops=1)
-> Index Scan using test_pkey on test (cost=0.00..32.97 rows=1311 width=8) (actual time=0.050..0.395 rows=99 loops=1)
Index Cond: ((id > $1) AND (id < $2))
Total runtime: 0.851 ms
(4 rows)</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Of course, the specific numbers shown here depend on the actual
contents of the tables involved. Also note that the numbers, and
even the selected query strategy, might vary between
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> releases due to planner
improvements. In addition, the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ANALYZE</TT
> command
uses random sampling to estimate data statistics; therefore, it is
possible for cost estimates to change after a fresh run of
<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>ANALYZE</TT
>, even if the actual distribution of data
in the table has not changed.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75511"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
> There is no <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>EXPLAIN</TT
> statement defined in the SQL standard.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN75515"
></A
><H2
>See Also</H2
><A
HREF="sql-analyze.html"
>ANALYZE</A
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