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><H1
><A
NAME="SQL-INSERT"
></A
>INSERT</H1
><DIV
CLASS="REFNAMEDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN76049"
></A
><H2
>Name</H2
>INSERT -- create new rows in a table</DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSYNOPSISDIV"
><A
NAME="AEN76054"
></A
><H2
>Synopsis</H2
><PRE
CLASS="SYNOPSIS"
>[ WITH [ RECURSIVE ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>with_query</I
></TT
> [, ...] ]
INSERT INTO <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
> [ ( <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
> [, ...] ) ]
{ DEFAULT VALUES | VALUES ( { <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>expression</I
></TT
> | DEFAULT } [, ...] ) [, ...] | <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
> }
[ RETURNING * | <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>output_expression</I
></TT
> [ [ AS ] <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>output_name</I
></TT
> ] [, ...] ]</PRE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN76063"
></A
><H2
>Description</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
> inserts new rows into a table.
One can insert one or more rows specified by value expressions,
or zero or more rows resulting from a query.
</P
><P
> The target column names can be listed in any order. If no list of
column names is given at all, the default is all the columns of the
table in their declared order; or the first <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>N</I
></TT
> column
names, if there are only <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>N</I
></TT
> columns supplied by the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VALUES</TT
> clause or <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
>. The values
supplied by the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VALUES</TT
> clause or <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
> are
associated with the explicit or implicit column list left-to-right.
</P
><P
> Each column not present in the explicit or implicit column list will be
filled with a default value, either its declared default value
or null if there is none.
</P
><P
> If the expression for any column is not of the correct data type,
automatic type conversion will be attempted.
</P
><P
> The optional <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
> clause causes <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
>
to compute and return value(s) based on each row actually inserted.
This is primarily useful for obtaining values that were supplied by
defaults, such as a serial sequence number. However, any expression
using the table's columns is allowed. The syntax of the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
> list is identical to that of the output list
of <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
>.
</P
><P
> You must have <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INSERT</TT
> privilege on a table in
order to insert into it. If a column list is specified, you only
need <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>INSERT</TT
> privilege on the listed columns.
Use of the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
> clause requires <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SELECT</TT
>
privilege on all columns mentioned in <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
>.
If you use the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
> clause to insert rows from a
query, you of course need to have <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>SELECT</TT
> privilege on
any table or column used in the query.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN76089"
></A
><H2
>Parameters</H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>with_query</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WITH</TT
> clause allows you to specify one or more
subqueries that can be referenced by name in the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
>
query. See <A
HREF="queries-with.html"
>Section 7.8</A
> and <A
HREF="sql-select.html"
>SELECT</A
>
for details.
</P
><P
> It is possible for the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
>
(<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
> statement)
to also contain a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WITH</TT
> clause. In such a case both
sets of <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>with_query</I
></TT
> can be referenced within
the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
>, but the
second one takes precedence since it is more closely nested.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name (optionally schema-qualified) of an existing table.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>column_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The name of a column in the table named by <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
>.
The column name can be qualified with a subfield name or array
subscript, if needed. (Inserting into only some fields of a
composite column leaves the other fields null.)
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT VALUES</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> All columns will be filled with their default values.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>expression</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> An expression or value to assign to the corresponding column.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> The corresponding column will be filled with
its default value.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> A query (<TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
> statement) that supplies the
rows to be inserted. Refer to the
<A
HREF="sql-select.html"
>SELECT</A
>
statement for a description of the syntax.
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>output_expression</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> An expression to be computed and returned by the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
>
command after each row is inserted. The expression can use any
column names of the table named by <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>table_name</I
></TT
>.
Write <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
> to return all columns of the inserted row(s).
</P
></DD
><DT
><TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>output_name</I
></TT
></DT
><DD
><P
> A name to use for a returned column.
</P
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN76153"
></A
><H2
>Outputs</H2
><P
> On successful completion, an <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
> command returns a command
tag of the form
</P><PRE
CLASS="SCREEN"
>INSERT <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>oid</I
></TT
> <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>count</I
></TT
></PRE
><P>
The <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>count</I
></TT
> is the number
of rows inserted. If <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>count</I
></TT
>
is exactly one, and the target table has OIDs, then
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>oid</I
></TT
> is the
<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>OID</ACRONYM
> assigned to the inserted row. Otherwise
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>oid</I
></TT
> is zero.
</P
><P
> If the <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
> command contains a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
>
clause, the result will be similar to that of a <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>SELECT</TT
>
statement containing the columns and values defined in the
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
> list, computed over the row(s) inserted by the
command.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN76170"
></A
><H2
>Examples</H2
><P
> Insert a single row into table <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>films</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO films VALUES
('UA502', 'Bananas', 105, '1971-07-13', 'Comedy', '82 minutes');</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> In this example, the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>len</TT
> column is
omitted and therefore it will have the default value:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO films (code, title, did, date_prod, kind)
VALUES ('T_601', 'Yojimbo', 106, '1961-06-16', 'Drama');</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> This example uses the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
> clause for
the date columns rather than specifying a value:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO films VALUES
('UA502', 'Bananas', 105, DEFAULT, 'Comedy', '82 minutes');
INSERT INTO films (code, title, did, date_prod, kind)
VALUES ('T_601', 'Yojimbo', 106, DEFAULT, 'Drama');</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> To insert a row consisting entirely of default values:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO films DEFAULT VALUES;</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> To insert multiple rows using the multirow <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>VALUES</TT
> syntax:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO films (code, title, did, date_prod, kind) VALUES
('B6717', 'Tampopo', 110, '1985-02-10', 'Comedy'),
('HG120', 'The Dinner Game', 140, DEFAULT, 'Comedy');</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> This example inserts some rows into table
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>films</TT
> from a table <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>tmp_films</TT
>
with the same column layout as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>films</TT
>:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO films SELECT * FROM tmp_films WHERE date_prod < '2004-05-07';</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> This example inserts into array columns:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>-- Create an empty 3x3 gameboard for noughts-and-crosses
INSERT INTO tictactoe (game, board[1:3][1:3])
VALUES (1, '{{" "," "," "},{" "," "," "},{" "," "," "}}');
-- The subscripts in the above example aren't really needed
INSERT INTO tictactoe (game, board)
VALUES (2, '{{X," "," "},{" ",O," "},{" ",X," "}}');</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Insert a single row into table <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>distributors</TT
>, returning
the sequence number generated by the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>DEFAULT</TT
> clause:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>INSERT INTO distributors (did, dname) VALUES (DEFAULT, 'XYZ Widgets')
RETURNING did;</PRE
><P>
</P
><P
> Increment the sales count of the salesperson who manages the
account for Acme Corporation, and record the whole updated row
along with current time in a log table:
</P><PRE
CLASS="PROGRAMLISTING"
>WITH upd AS (
UPDATE employees SET sales_count = sales_count + 1 WHERE id =
(SELECT sales_person FROM accounts WHERE name = 'Acme Corporation')
RETURNING *
)
INSERT INTO employees_log SELECT *, current_timestamp FROM upd;</PRE
><P></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="REFSECT1"
><A
NAME="AEN76199"
></A
><H2
>Compatibility</H2
><P
> <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
> conforms to the SQL standard, except that
the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>RETURNING</TT
> clause is a
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> extension, as is the ability
to use <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>WITH</TT
> with <TT
CLASS="COMMAND"
>INSERT</TT
>.
Also, the case in
which a column name list is omitted, but not all the columns are
filled from the <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>VALUES</TT
> clause or <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
>,
is disallowed by the standard.
</P
><P
> Possible limitations of the <TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>query</I
></TT
> clause are documented under
<A
HREF="sql-select.html"
>SELECT</A
>.
</P
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