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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >Implementation</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="SP-GiST Indexes" HREF="spgist.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Extensibility" HREF="spgist-extensibility.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Examples" HREF="spgist-examples.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2017-11-06T22:43:11"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="SECT1" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Extensibility" HREF="spgist-extensibility.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="spgist.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" >Chapter 54. SP-GiST Indexes</TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Examples" HREF="spgist-examples.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT1" ><H1 CLASS="SECT1" ><A NAME="SPGIST-IMPLEMENTATION" >54.3. Implementation</A ></H1 ><P > This section covers implementation details and other tricks that are useful for implementers of <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SP-GiST</ACRONYM > operator classes to know. </P ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="SPGIST-LIMITS" >54.3.1. SP-GiST Limits</A ></H2 ><P > Individual leaf tuples and inner tuples must fit on a single index page (8KB by default). Therefore, when indexing values of variable-length data types, long values can only be supported by methods such as suffix trees, in which each level of the tree includes a prefix that is short enough to fit on a page, and the final leaf level includes a suffix also short enough to fit on a page. The operator class should set <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >longValuesOK</TT > to TRUE only if it is prepared to arrange for this to happen. Otherwise, the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SP-GiST</ACRONYM > core will reject any request to index a value that is too large to fit on an index page. </P ><P > Likewise, it is the operator class's responsibility that inner tuples do not grow too large to fit on an index page; this limits the number of child nodes that can be used in one inner tuple, as well as the maximum size of a prefix value. </P ><P > Another limitation is that when an inner tuple's node points to a set of leaf tuples, those tuples must all be in the same index page. (This is a design decision to reduce seeking and save space in the links that chain such tuples together.) If the set of leaf tuples grows too large for a page, a split is performed and an intermediate inner tuple is inserted. For this to fix the problem, the new inner tuple <SPAN CLASS="emphasis" ><I CLASS="EMPHASIS" >must</I ></SPAN > divide the set of leaf values into more than one node group. If the operator class's <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >picksplit</CODE > function fails to do that, the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SP-GiST</ACRONYM > core resorts to extraordinary measures described in <A HREF="spgist-implementation.html#SPGIST-ALL-THE-SAME" >Section 54.3.3</A >. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="SPGIST-NULL-LABELS" >54.3.2. SP-GiST Without Node Labels</A ></H2 ><P > Some tree algorithms use a fixed set of nodes for each inner tuple; for example, in a quad-tree there are always exactly four nodes corresponding to the four quadrants around the inner tuple's centroid point. In such a case the code typically works with the nodes by number, and there is no need for explicit node labels. To suppress node labels (and thereby save some space), the <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >picksplit</CODE > function can return NULL for the <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >nodeLabels</TT > array. This will in turn result in <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >nodeLabels</TT > being NULL during subsequent calls to <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >choose</CODE > and <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >inner_consistent</CODE >. In principle, node labels could be used for some inner tuples and omitted for others in the same index. </P ><P > When working with an inner tuple having unlabeled nodes, it is an error for <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >choose</CODE > to return <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >spgAddNode</TT >, since the set of nodes is supposed to be fixed in such cases. Also, there is no provision for generating an unlabeled node in <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >spgSplitTuple</TT > actions, since it is expected that an <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >spgAddNode</TT > action will be needed as well. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="SECT2" ><H2 CLASS="SECT2" ><A NAME="SPGIST-ALL-THE-SAME" >54.3.3. <SPAN CLASS="QUOTE" >"All-the-same"</SPAN > Inner Tuples</A ></H2 ><P > The <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >SP-GiST</ACRONYM > core can override the results of the operator class's <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >picksplit</CODE > function when <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >picksplit</CODE > fails to divide the supplied leaf values into at least two node categories. When this happens, the new inner tuple is created with multiple nodes that each have the same label (if any) that <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >picksplit</CODE > gave to the one node it did use, and the leaf values are divided at random among these equivalent nodes. The <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >allTheSame</TT > flag is set on the inner tuple to warn the <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >choose</CODE > and <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >inner_consistent</CODE > functions that the tuple does not have the node set that they might otherwise expect. </P ><P > When dealing with an <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >allTheSame</TT > tuple, a <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >choose</CODE > result of <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >spgMatchNode</TT > is interpreted to mean that the new value can be assigned to any of the equivalent nodes; the core code will ignore the supplied <TT CLASS="STRUCTFIELD" >nodeN</TT > value and descend into one of the nodes at random (so as to keep the tree balanced). It is an error for <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >choose</CODE > to return <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >spgAddNode</TT >, since that would make the nodes not all equivalent; the <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >spgSplitTuple</TT > action must be used if the value to be inserted doesn't match the existing nodes. </P ><P > When dealing with an <TT CLASS="LITERAL" >allTheSame</TT > tuple, the <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >inner_consistent</CODE > function should return either all or none of the nodes as targets for continuing the index search, since they are all equivalent. This may or may not require any special-case code, depending on how much the <CODE CLASS="FUNCTION" >inner_consistent</CODE > function normally assumes about the meaning of the nodes. </P ></DIV ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="spgist-extensibility.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="spgist-examples.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Extensibility</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="spgist.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Examples</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >