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><DIV
CLASS="SECT1"
><H1
CLASS="SECT1"
><A
NAME="RUNTIME-CONFIG-CONNECTION"
>18.3. Connections and Authentication</A
></H1
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="RUNTIME-CONFIG-CONNECTION-SETTINGS"
>18.3.1. Connection Settings</A
></H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-LISTEN-ADDRESSES"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>listen_addresses</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the TCP/IP address(es) on which the server is
to listen for connections from client applications.
The value takes the form of a comma-separated list of host names
and/or numeric IP addresses. The special entry <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>*</TT
>
corresponds to all available IP interfaces. The entry
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0.0.0.0</TT
> allows listening for all IPv4 addresses and
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>::</TT
> allows listening for all IPv6 addresses.
If the list is empty, the server does not listen on any IP interface
at all, in which case only Unix-domain sockets can be used to connect
to it.
The default value is <SPAN
CLASS="SYSTEMITEM"
>localhost</SPAN
>,
which allows only local TCP/IP <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"loopback"</SPAN
> connections to be
made. While client authentication (<A
HREF="client-authentication.html"
>Chapter 19</A
>) allows fine-grained control
over who can access the server, <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>listen_addresses</TT
>
controls which interfaces accept connection attempts, which
can help prevent repeated malicious connection requests on
insecure network interfaces. This parameter can only be set
at server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-PORT"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>port</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> The TCP port the server listens on; 5432 by default. Note that the
same port number is used for all IP addresses the server listens on.
This parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>max_connections</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Determines the maximum number of concurrent connections to the
database server. The default is typically 100 connections, but
might be less if your kernel settings will not support it (as
determined during <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>initdb</SPAN
>). This parameter can
only be set at server start.
</P
><P
> Increasing this parameter might cause <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
to request more <SPAN
CLASS="SYSTEMITEM"
>System V</SPAN
> shared
memory or semaphores than your operating system's default configuration
allows. See <A
HREF="kernel-resources.html#SYSVIPC"
>Section 17.4.1</A
> for information on how to
adjust those parameters, if necessary.
</P
><P
> When running a standby server, you must set this parameter to the
same or higher value than on the master server. Otherwise, queries
will not be allowed in the standby server.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SUPERUSER-RESERVED-CONNECTIONS"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>superuser_reserved_connections</TT
>
(<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Determines the number of connection <SPAN
CLASS="QUOTE"
>"slots"</SPAN
> that
are reserved for connections by <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
>
superusers. At most <A
HREF="runtime-config-connection.html#GUC-MAX-CONNECTIONS"
>max_connections</A
>
connections can ever be active simultaneously. Whenever the
number of active concurrent connections is at least
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>max_connections</TT
> minus
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>superuser_reserved_connections</TT
>, new
connections will be accepted only for superusers, and no
new replication connections will be accepted.
</P
><P
> The default value is three connections. The value must be less
than the value of <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>max_connections</TT
>. This
parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-UNIX-SOCKET-DIRECTORIES"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_directories</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the directory of the Unix-domain socket(s) on which the
server is to listen for connections from client applications.
Multiple sockets can be created by listing multiple directories
separated by commas. Whitespace between entries is
ignored; surround a directory name with double quotes if you need
to include whitespace or commas in the name.
An empty value
specifies not listening on any Unix-domain sockets, in which case
only TCP/IP sockets can be used to connect to the server.
The default value is normally
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>/tmp</TT
>, but that can be changed at build time.
This parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
><P
> In addition to the socket file itself, which is named
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.s.PGSQL.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>nnnn</I
></TT
></TT
> where
<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>nnnn</I
></TT
> is the server's port number, an ordinary file
named <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>.s.PGSQL.<TT
CLASS="REPLACEABLE"
><I
>nnnn</I
></TT
>.lock</TT
> will be
created in each of the <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_directories</TT
> directories.
Neither file should ever be removed manually.
</P
><P
> This parameter is irrelevant on Windows, which does not have
Unix-domain sockets.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-UNIX-SOCKET-GROUP"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_group</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Sets the owning group of the Unix-domain socket(s). (The owning
user of the sockets is always the user that starts the
server.) In combination with the parameter
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_permissions</TT
> this can be used as
an additional access control mechanism for Unix-domain connections.
By default this is the empty string, which uses the default
group of the server user. This parameter can only be set at
server start.
</P
><P
> This parameter is irrelevant on Windows, which does not have
Unix-domain sockets.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-UNIX-SOCKET-PERMISSIONS"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_permissions</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Sets the access permissions of the Unix-domain socket(s). Unix-domain
sockets use the usual Unix file system permission set.
The parameter value is expected to be a numeric mode
specified in the format accepted by the
<CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>chmod</CODE
> and <CODE
CLASS="FUNCTION"
>umask</CODE
>
system calls. (To use the customary octal format the number
must start with a <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0</TT
> (zero).)
</P
><P
> The default permissions are <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0777</TT
>, meaning
anyone can connect. Reasonable alternatives are
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0770</TT
> (only user and group, see also
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_group</TT
>) and <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0700</TT
>
(only user). (Note that for a Unix-domain socket, only write
permission matters, so there is no point in setting or revoking
read or execute permissions.)
</P
><P
> This access control mechanism is independent of the one
described in <A
HREF="client-authentication.html"
>Chapter 19</A
>.
</P
><P
> This parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
><P
> This parameter is irrelevant on systems, notably Solaris as of Solaris
10, that ignore socket permissions entirely. There, one can achieve a
similar effect by pointing <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>unix_socket_directory</TT
> to a
directory having search permission limited to the desired audience.
This parameter is also irrelevant on Windows, which does not have
Unix-domain sockets.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-BONJOUR"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>bonjour</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Enables advertising the server's existence via
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>Bonjour</SPAN
>. The default is off.
This parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-BONJOUR-NAME"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>bonjour_name</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>Bonjour</SPAN
> service
name. The computer name is used if this parameter is set to the
empty string <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>''</TT
> (which is the default). This parameter is
ignored if the server was not compiled with
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>Bonjour</SPAN
> support.
This parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-TCP-KEEPALIVES-IDLE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>tcp_keepalives_idle</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the number of seconds before sending a keepalive packet on
an otherwise idle connection. A value of 0 uses the system default.
This parameter is supported only on systems that support
<TT
CLASS="SYMBOL"
>TCP_KEEPIDLE</TT
> or an equivalent socket option, and on
Windows; on other systems, it must be zero.
In sessions connected via a Unix-domain socket, this parameter is
ignored and always reads as zero.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> On Windows, a value of 0 will set this parameter to 2 hours,
since Windows does not provide a way to read the system default value.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-TCP-KEEPALIVES-INTERVAL"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>tcp_keepalives_interval</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the number of seconds between sending keepalives on an
otherwise idle connection. A value of 0 uses the system default.
This parameter is supported only on systems that support
<TT
CLASS="SYMBOL"
>TCP_KEEPINTVL</TT
> or an equivalent socket option, and on
Windows; on other systems, it must be zero.
In sessions connected via a Unix-domain socket, this parameter is
ignored and always reads as zero.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> On Windows, a value of 0 will set this parameter to 1 second,
since Windows does not provide a way to read the system default value.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-TCP-KEEPALIVES-COUNT"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>tcp_keepalives_count</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the number of keepalive packets to send on an otherwise idle
connection. A value of 0 uses the system default.
This parameter is supported only on systems that support
<TT
CLASS="SYMBOL"
>TCP_KEEPCNT</TT
> or an equivalent socket option;
on other systems, it must be zero.
In sessions connected via a Unix-domain socket, this parameter is
ignored and always reads as zero.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> This parameter is not supported on Windows, and must be zero.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
></DD
></DL
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="SECT2"
><H2
CLASS="SECT2"
><A
NAME="RUNTIME-CONFIG-CONNECTION-SECURITY"
>18.3.2. Security and Authentication</A
></H2
><P
></P
><DIV
CLASS="VARIABLELIST"
><DL
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-AUTHENTICATION-TIMEOUT"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>authentication_timeout</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Maximum time to complete client authentication, in seconds. If a
would-be client has not completed the authentication protocol in
this much time, the server closes the connection. This prevents
hung clients from occupying a connection indefinitely.
The default is one minute (<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>1m</TT
>).
This parameter can only be set in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>
file or on the server command line.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Enables <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
> connections. Please read
<A
HREF="ssl-tcp.html"
>Section 17.9</A
> before using this. The default
is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>off</TT
>. This parameter can only be set at server
start. <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
> communication is only possible with
TCP/IP connections.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL-CA-FILE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_ca_file</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server certificate
authority (CA). The default is empty, meaning no CA file is loaded,
and client certificate verification is not performed. (In previous
releases of PostgreSQL, the name of this file was hard-coded
as <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>root.crt</TT
>.) Relative paths are relative to the
data directory. This parameter can only be set at server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL-CERT-FILE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_cert_file</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server certificate.
The default is <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>server.crt</TT
>. Relative paths are
relative to the data directory. This parameter can only be set at
server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL-CRL-FILE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_crl_file</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server certificate
revocation list (CRL). The default is empty, meaning no CRL file is
loaded. (In previous releases of PostgreSQL, the name of this file was
hard-coded as <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>root.crl</TT
>.) Relative paths are
relative to the data directory. This parameter can only be set at
server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL-KEY-FILE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_key_file</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies the name of the file containing the SSL server private key.
The default is <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>server.key</TT
>. Relative paths are
relative to the data directory. This parameter can only be set at
server start.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL-RENEGOTIATION-LIMIT"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_renegotiation_limit</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>integer</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies how much data can flow over an <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
>-encrypted
connection before renegotiation of the session keys will take
place. Renegotiation decreases an attacker's chances of doing
cryptanalysis when large amounts of traffic can be examined, but it
also carries a large performance penalty. The sum of sent and received
traffic is used to check the limit. If this parameter is set to 0,
renegotiation is disabled. The default is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>0</TT
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> SSL libraries from before November 2009 are insecure when using SSL
renegotiation, due to a vulnerability in the SSL protocol. As a
stop-gap fix for this vulnerability, some vendors shipped SSL
libraries incapable of doing renegotiation. If any such libraries
are in use on the client or server, SSL renegotiation should be
disabled.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="WARNING"
><P
></P
><TABLE
CLASS="WARNING"
BORDER="1"
WIDTH="90%"
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="CENTER"
><B
>Warning</B
></TD
></TR
><TR
><TD
ALIGN="LEFT"
><P
> Due to bugs in <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>OpenSSL</SPAN
> enabling ssl renegotiation, by
configuring a non-zero <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_renegotiation_limit</TT
>, is likely
to lead to problems like long-lived connections breaking.
</P
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></DIV
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-SSL-CIPHERS"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>ssl_ciphers</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Specifies a list of <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>SSL</ACRONYM
> ciphers that are allowed to be
used on secure connections. See the <SPAN
CLASS="APPLICATION"
>openssl</SPAN
>
manual page for a list of supported ciphers.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-PASSWORD-ENCRYPTION"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>password_encryption</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> When a password is specified in <A
HREF="sql-createuser.html"
>CREATE USER</A
> or
<A
HREF="sql-alterrole.html"
>ALTER ROLE</A
>
without writing either <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>ENCRYPTED</TT
> or
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>UNENCRYPTED</TT
>, this parameter determines whether the
password is to be encrypted. The default is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>on</TT
>
(encrypt the password).
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-KRB-SERVER-KEYFILE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>krb_server_keyfile</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Sets the location of the Kerberos server key file. See
<A
HREF="auth-methods.html#KERBEROS-AUTH"
>Section 19.3.5</A
> or <A
HREF="auth-methods.html#GSSAPI-AUTH"
>Section 19.3.3</A
>
for details. This parameter can only be set in the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> file or on the server command line.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-KRB-SRVNAME"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>krb_srvname</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>string</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Sets the Kerberos service name. See <A
HREF="auth-methods.html#KERBEROS-AUTH"
>Section 19.3.5</A
>
for details. This parameter can only be set in the
<TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> file or on the server command line.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-KRB-CASEINS-USERS"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>krb_caseins_users</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> Sets whether Kerberos and GSSAPI user names should be treated
case-insensitively.
The default is <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>off</TT
> (case sensitive). This parameter can only be
set in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
> file or on the server command line.
</P
></DD
><DT
><A
NAME="GUC-DB-USER-NAMESPACE"
></A
><TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>db_user_namespace</TT
> (<TT
CLASS="TYPE"
>boolean</TT
>)</DT
><DD
><P
> This parameter enables per-database user names. It is off by default.
This parameter can only be set in the <TT
CLASS="FILENAME"
>postgresql.conf</TT
>
file or on the server command line.
</P
><P
> If this is on, you should create users as <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>username@dbname</TT
>.
When <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>username</TT
> is passed by a connecting client,
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>@</TT
> and the database name are appended to the user
name and that database-specific user name is looked up by the
server. Note that when you create users with names containing
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>@</TT
> within the SQL environment, you will need to
quote the user name.
</P
><P
> With this parameter enabled, you can still create ordinary global
users. Simply append <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>@</TT
> when specifying the user
name in the client, e.g. <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>joe@</TT
>. The <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>@</TT
>
will be stripped off before the user name is looked up by the
server.
</P
><P
> <TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>db_user_namespace</TT
> causes the client's and
server's user name representation to differ.
Authentication checks are always done with the server's user name
so authentication methods must be configured for the
server's user name, not the client's. Because
<TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>md5</TT
> uses the user name as salt on both the
client and server, <TT
CLASS="LITERAL"
>md5</TT
> cannot be used with
<TT
CLASS="VARNAME"
>db_user_namespace</TT
>.
</P
><DIV
CLASS="NOTE"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="NOTE"
><P
><B
>Note: </B
> This feature is intended as a temporary measure until a
complete solution is found. At that time, this option will
be removed.
</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
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