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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd"> <HTML ><HEAD ><TITLE >libpq - C Library</TITLE ><META NAME="GENERATOR" CONTENT="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.79"><LINK REV="MADE" HREF="mailto:pgsql-docs@postgresql.org"><LINK REL="HOME" TITLE="PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation" HREF="index.html"><LINK REL="UP" TITLE="Client Interfaces" HREF="client-interfaces.html"><LINK REL="PREVIOUS" TITLE="Client Interfaces" HREF="client-interfaces.html"><LINK REL="NEXT" TITLE="Database Connection Control Functions" HREF="libpq-connect.html"><LINK REL="STYLESHEET" TYPE="text/css" HREF="stylesheet.css"><META HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1"><META NAME="creation" CONTENT="2017-11-06T22:43:11"></HEAD ><BODY CLASS="CHAPTER" ><DIV CLASS="NAVHEADER" ><TABLE SUMMARY="Header navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TH COLSPAN="5" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ><A HREF="index.html" >PostgreSQL 9.2.24 Documentation</A ></TH ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Client Interfaces" HREF="client-interfaces.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="10%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="client-interfaces.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="60%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="bottom" ></TD ><TD WIDTH="20%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A TITLE="Database Connection Control Functions" HREF="libpq-connect.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ></TABLE ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"></DIV ><DIV CLASS="CHAPTER" ><H1 ><A NAME="LIBPQ" ></A >Chapter 31. <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > - C Library</H1 ><DIV CLASS="TOC" ><DL ><DT ><B >Table of Contents</B ></DT ><DT >31.1. <A HREF="libpq-connect.html" >Database Connection Control Functions</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >31.1.1. <A HREF="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-CONNSTRING" >Connection Strings</A ></DT ><DT >31.1.2. <A HREF="libpq-connect.html#LIBPQ-PARAMKEYWORDS" >Parameter Key Words</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >31.2. <A HREF="libpq-status.html" >Connection Status Functions</A ></DT ><DT >31.3. <A HREF="libpq-exec.html" >Command Execution Functions</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >31.3.1. <A HREF="libpq-exec.html#LIBPQ-EXEC-MAIN" >Main Functions</A ></DT ><DT >31.3.2. <A HREF="libpq-exec.html#LIBPQ-EXEC-SELECT-INFO" >Retrieving Query Result Information</A ></DT ><DT >31.3.3. <A HREF="libpq-exec.html#LIBPQ-EXEC-NONSELECT" >Retrieving Other Result Information</A ></DT ><DT >31.3.4. <A HREF="libpq-exec.html#LIBPQ-EXEC-ESCAPE-STRING" >Escaping Strings for Inclusion in SQL Commands</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >31.4. <A HREF="libpq-async.html" >Asynchronous Command Processing</A ></DT ><DT >31.5. <A HREF="libpq-single-row-mode.html" >Retrieving Query Results Row-By-Row</A ></DT ><DT >31.6. <A HREF="libpq-cancel.html" >Canceling Queries in Progress</A ></DT ><DT >31.7. <A HREF="libpq-fastpath.html" >The Fast-Path Interface</A ></DT ><DT >31.8. <A HREF="libpq-notify.html" >Asynchronous Notification</A ></DT ><DT >31.9. <A HREF="libpq-copy.html" >Functions Associated with the <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >COPY</TT > Command</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >31.9.1. <A HREF="libpq-copy.html#LIBPQ-COPY-SEND" >Functions for Sending <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >COPY</TT > Data</A ></DT ><DT >31.9.2. <A HREF="libpq-copy.html#LIBPQ-COPY-RECEIVE" >Functions for Receiving <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >COPY</TT > Data</A ></DT ><DT >31.9.3. <A HREF="libpq-copy.html#LIBPQ-COPY-DEPRECATED" >Obsolete Functions for <TT CLASS="COMMAND" >COPY</TT ></A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >31.10. <A HREF="libpq-control.html" >Control Functions</A ></DT ><DT >31.11. <A HREF="libpq-misc.html" >Miscellaneous Functions</A ></DT ><DT >31.12. <A HREF="libpq-notice-processing.html" >Notice Processing</A ></DT ><DT >31.13. <A HREF="libpq-events.html" >Event System</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >31.13.1. <A HREF="libpq-events.html#LIBPQ-EVENTS-TYPES" >Event Types</A ></DT ><DT >31.13.2. <A HREF="libpq-events.html#LIBPQ-EVENTS-PROC" >Event Callback Procedure</A ></DT ><DT >31.13.3. <A HREF="libpq-events.html#LIBPQ-EVENTS-FUNCS" >Event Support Functions</A ></DT ><DT >31.13.4. <A HREF="libpq-events.html#LIBPQ-EVENTS-EXAMPLE" >Event Example</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >31.14. <A HREF="libpq-envars.html" >Environment Variables</A ></DT ><DT >31.15. <A HREF="libpq-pgpass.html" >The Password File</A ></DT ><DT >31.16. <A HREF="libpq-pgservice.html" >The Connection Service File</A ></DT ><DT >31.17. <A HREF="libpq-ldap.html" >LDAP Lookup of Connection Parameters</A ></DT ><DT >31.18. <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html" >SSL Support</A ></DT ><DD ><DL ><DT >31.18.1. <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html#LIBQ-SSL-CERTIFICATES" >Client Verification of Server Certificates</A ></DT ><DT >31.18.2. <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html#LIBPQ-SSL-CLIENTCERT" >Client Certificates</A ></DT ><DT >31.18.3. <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html#LIBPQ-SSL-PROTECTION" >Protection Provided in Different Modes</A ></DT ><DT >31.18.4. <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html#LIBPQ-SSL-FILEUSAGE" >SSL Client File Usage</A ></DT ><DT >31.18.5. <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html#LIBPQ-SSL-INITIALIZE" >SSL Library Initialization</A ></DT ></DL ></DD ><DT >31.19. <A HREF="libpq-threading.html" >Behavior in Threaded Programs</A ></DT ><DT >31.20. <A HREF="libpq-build.html" >Building <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > Programs</A ></DT ><DT >31.21. <A HREF="libpq-example.html" >Example Programs</A ></DT ></DL ></DIV ><P > <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > is the <ACRONYM CLASS="ACRONYM" >C</ACRONYM > application programmer's interface to <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN >. <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > is a set of library functions that allow client programs to pass queries to the <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > backend server and to receive the results of these queries. </P ><P > <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > is also the underlying engine for several other <SPAN CLASS="PRODUCTNAME" >PostgreSQL</SPAN > application interfaces, including those written for C++, Perl, Python, Tcl and <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >ECPG</SPAN >. So some aspects of <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN >'s behavior will be important to you if you use one of those packages. In particular, <A HREF="libpq-envars.html" >Section 31.14</A >, <A HREF="libpq-pgpass.html" >Section 31.15</A > and <A HREF="libpq-ssl.html" >Section 31.18</A > describe behavior that is visible to the user of any application that uses <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN >. </P ><P > Some short programs are included at the end of this chapter (<A HREF="libpq-example.html" >Section 31.21</A >) to show how to write programs that use <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN >. There are also several complete examples of <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > applications in the directory <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >src/test/examples</TT > in the source code distribution. </P ><P > Client programs that use <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > must include the header file <TT CLASS="FILENAME" >libpq-fe.h</TT > and must link with the <SPAN CLASS="APPLICATION" >libpq</SPAN > library. </P ></DIV ><DIV CLASS="NAVFOOTER" ><HR ALIGN="LEFT" WIDTH="100%"><TABLE SUMMARY="Footer navigation table" WIDTH="100%" BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="client-interfaces.html" ACCESSKEY="P" >Prev</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="index.html" ACCESSKEY="H" >Home</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="libpq-connect.html" ACCESSKEY="N" >Next</A ></TD ></TR ><TR ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="left" VALIGN="top" >Client Interfaces</TD ><TD WIDTH="34%" ALIGN="center" VALIGN="top" ><A HREF="client-interfaces.html" ACCESSKEY="U" >Up</A ></TD ><TD WIDTH="33%" ALIGN="right" VALIGN="top" >Database Connection Control Functions</TD ></TR ></TABLE ></DIV ></BODY ></HTML >