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><H1
CLASS="TITLE"
>VII. Internals</H1
><DIV
CLASS="PARTINTRO"
><A
NAME="AEN88028"
></A
><P
> This part contains assorted information that might be of use to
<SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> developers.
</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="TOC"
><DL
><DT
><B
>Table of Contents</B
></DT
><DT
>44. <A
HREF="overview.html"
>Overview of PostgreSQL Internals</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>44.1. <A
HREF="query-path.html"
>The Path of a Query</A
></DT
><DT
>44.2. <A
HREF="connect-estab.html"
>How Connections are Established</A
></DT
><DT
>44.3. <A
HREF="parser-stage.html"
>The Parser Stage</A
></DT
><DT
>44.4. <A
HREF="rule-system.html"
>The <SPAN
CLASS="PRODUCTNAME"
>PostgreSQL</SPAN
> Rule System</A
></DT
><DT
>44.5. <A
HREF="planner-optimizer.html"
>Planner/Optimizer</A
></DT
><DT
>44.6. <A
HREF="executor.html"
>Executor</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>45. <A
HREF="catalogs.html"
>System Catalogs</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>45.1. <A
HREF="catalogs-overview.html"
>Overview</A
></DT
><DT
>45.2. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-aggregate.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_aggregate</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.3. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-am.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_am</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.4. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-amop.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_amop</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.5. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-amproc.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_amproc</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.6. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-attrdef.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_attrdef</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.7. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-attribute.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_attribute</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.8. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-authid.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_authid</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.9. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-auth-members.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_auth_members</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.10. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-cast.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_cast</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.11. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-class.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_class</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.12. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-constraint.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_constraint</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.13. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-collation.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_collation</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.14. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-conversion.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_conversion</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.15. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-database.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_database</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.16. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-db-role-setting.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_db_role_setting</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.17. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-default-acl.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_default_acl</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.18. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-depend.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_depend</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.19. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-description.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_description</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.20. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-enum.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_enum</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.21. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-extension.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_extension</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.22. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-foreign-data-wrapper.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_foreign_data_wrapper</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.23. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-foreign-server.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_foreign_server</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.24. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-foreign-table.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_foreign_table</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.25. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-index.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_index</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.26. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-inherits.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_inherits</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.27. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-language.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_language</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.28. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-largeobject.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_largeobject</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.29. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-largeobject-metadata.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_largeobject_metadata</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.30. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-namespace.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_namespace</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.31. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-opclass.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_opclass</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.32. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-operator.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_operator</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.33. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-opfamily.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_opfamily</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.34. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-pltemplate.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_pltemplate</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.35. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-proc.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_proc</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.36. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-range.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_range</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.37. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-rewrite.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_rewrite</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.38. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-seclabel.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_seclabel</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.39. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-shdepend.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_shdepend</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.40. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-shdescription.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_shdescription</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.41. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-shseclabel.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_shseclabel</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.42. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-statistic.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_statistic</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.43. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-tablespace.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_tablespace</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.44. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-trigger.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_trigger</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.45. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-ts-config.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_ts_config</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.46. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-ts-config-map.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_ts_config_map</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.47. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-ts-dict.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_ts_dict</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.48. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-ts-parser.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_ts_parser</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.49. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-ts-template.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_ts_template</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.50. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-type.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_type</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.51. <A
HREF="catalog-pg-user-mapping.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_user_mapping</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.52. <A
HREF="views-overview.html"
>System Views</A
></DT
><DT
>45.53. <A
HREF="view-pg-available-extensions.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_available_extensions</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.54. <A
HREF="view-pg-available-extension-versions.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_available_extension_versions</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.55. <A
HREF="view-pg-cursors.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_cursors</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.56. <A
HREF="view-pg-group.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_group</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.57. <A
HREF="view-pg-indexes.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_indexes</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.58. <A
HREF="view-pg-locks.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_locks</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.59. <A
HREF="view-pg-prepared-statements.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_prepared_statements</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.60. <A
HREF="view-pg-prepared-xacts.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_prepared_xacts</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.61. <A
HREF="view-pg-roles.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_roles</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.62. <A
HREF="view-pg-rules.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_rules</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.63. <A
HREF="view-pg-seclabels.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_seclabels</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.64. <A
HREF="view-pg-settings.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_settings</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.65. <A
HREF="view-pg-shadow.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_shadow</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.66. <A
HREF="view-pg-stats.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_stats</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.67. <A
HREF="view-pg-tables.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_tables</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.68. <A
HREF="view-pg-timezone-abbrevs.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_timezone_abbrevs</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.69. <A
HREF="view-pg-timezone-names.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_timezone_names</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.70. <A
HREF="view-pg-user.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_user</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.71. <A
HREF="view-pg-user-mappings.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_user_mappings</TT
></A
></DT
><DT
>45.72. <A
HREF="view-pg-views.html"
><TT
CLASS="STRUCTNAME"
>pg_views</TT
></A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>46. <A
HREF="protocol.html"
>Frontend/Backend Protocol</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>46.1. <A
HREF="protocol-overview.html"
>Overview</A
></DT
><DT
>46.2. <A
HREF="protocol-flow.html"
>Message Flow</A
></DT
><DT
>46.3. <A
HREF="protocol-replication.html"
>Streaming Replication Protocol</A
></DT
><DT
>46.4. <A
HREF="protocol-message-types.html"
>Message Data Types</A
></DT
><DT
>46.5. <A
HREF="protocol-message-formats.html"
>Message Formats</A
></DT
><DT
>46.6. <A
HREF="protocol-error-fields.html"
>Error and Notice Message Fields</A
></DT
><DT
>46.7. <A
HREF="protocol-changes.html"
>Summary of Changes since Protocol 2.0</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>47. <A
HREF="source.html"
>PostgreSQL Coding Conventions</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>47.1. <A
HREF="source-format.html"
>Formatting</A
></DT
><DT
>47.2. <A
HREF="error-message-reporting.html"
>Reporting Errors Within the Server</A
></DT
><DT
>47.3. <A
HREF="error-style-guide.html"
>Error Message Style Guide</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>48. <A
HREF="nls.html"
>Native Language Support</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>48.1. <A
HREF="nls-translator.html"
>For the Translator</A
></DT
><DT
>48.2. <A
HREF="nls-programmer.html"
>For the Programmer</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>49. <A
HREF="plhandler.html"
>Writing A Procedural Language Handler</A
></DT
><DT
>50. <A
HREF="fdwhandler.html"
>Writing A Foreign Data Wrapper</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>50.1. <A
HREF="fdw-functions.html"
>Foreign Data Wrapper Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>50.2. <A
HREF="fdw-callbacks.html"
>Foreign Data Wrapper Callback Routines</A
></DT
><DT
>50.3. <A
HREF="fdw-helpers.html"
>Foreign Data Wrapper Helper Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>50.4. <A
HREF="fdw-planning.html"
>Foreign Data Wrapper Query Planning</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>51. <A
HREF="geqo.html"
>Genetic Query Optimizer</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>51.1. <A
HREF="geqo-intro.html"
>Query Handling as a Complex Optimization Problem</A
></DT
><DT
>51.2. <A
HREF="geqo-intro2.html"
>Genetic Algorithms</A
></DT
><DT
>51.3. <A
HREF="geqo-pg-intro.html"
>Genetic Query Optimization (<ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>GEQO</ACRONYM
>) in PostgreSQL</A
></DT
><DT
>51.4. <A
HREF="geqo-biblio.html"
>Further Reading</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>52. <A
HREF="indexam.html"
>Index Access Method Interface Definition</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>52.1. <A
HREF="index-catalog.html"
>Catalog Entries for Indexes</A
></DT
><DT
>52.2. <A
HREF="index-functions.html"
>Index Access Method Functions</A
></DT
><DT
>52.3. <A
HREF="index-scanning.html"
>Index Scanning</A
></DT
><DT
>52.4. <A
HREF="index-locking.html"
>Index Locking Considerations</A
></DT
><DT
>52.5. <A
HREF="index-unique-checks.html"
>Index Uniqueness Checks</A
></DT
><DT
>52.6. <A
HREF="index-cost-estimation.html"
>Index Cost Estimation Functions</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>53. <A
HREF="gist.html"
>GiST Indexes</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>53.1. <A
HREF="gist-intro.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>53.2. <A
HREF="gist-extensibility.html"
>Extensibility</A
></DT
><DT
>53.3. <A
HREF="gist-implementation.html"
>Implementation</A
></DT
><DT
>53.4. <A
HREF="gist-examples.html"
>Examples</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>54. <A
HREF="spgist.html"
>SP-GiST Indexes</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>54.1. <A
HREF="spgist-intro.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>54.2. <A
HREF="spgist-extensibility.html"
>Extensibility</A
></DT
><DT
>54.3. <A
HREF="spgist-implementation.html"
>Implementation</A
></DT
><DT
>54.4. <A
HREF="spgist-examples.html"
>Examples</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>55. <A
HREF="gin.html"
>GIN Indexes</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>55.1. <A
HREF="gin-intro.html"
>Introduction</A
></DT
><DT
>55.2. <A
HREF="gin-extensibility.html"
>Extensibility</A
></DT
><DT
>55.3. <A
HREF="gin-implementation.html"
>Implementation</A
></DT
><DT
>55.4. <A
HREF="gin-tips.html"
>GIN Tips and Tricks</A
></DT
><DT
>55.5. <A
HREF="gin-limit.html"
>Limitations</A
></DT
><DT
>55.6. <A
HREF="gin-examples.html"
>Examples</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>56. <A
HREF="storage.html"
>Database Physical Storage</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>56.1. <A
HREF="storage-file-layout.html"
>Database File Layout</A
></DT
><DT
>56.2. <A
HREF="storage-toast.html"
>TOAST</A
></DT
><DT
>56.3. <A
HREF="storage-fsm.html"
>Free Space Map</A
></DT
><DT
>56.4. <A
HREF="storage-vm.html"
>Visibility Map</A
></DT
><DT
>56.5. <A
HREF="storage-init.html"
>The Initialization Fork</A
></DT
><DT
>56.6. <A
HREF="storage-page-layout.html"
>Database Page Layout</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>57. <A
HREF="bki.html"
><ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>BKI</ACRONYM
> Backend Interface</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>57.1. <A
HREF="bki-format.html"
><ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>BKI</ACRONYM
> File Format</A
></DT
><DT
>57.2. <A
HREF="bki-commands.html"
><ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>BKI</ACRONYM
> Commands</A
></DT
><DT
>57.3. <A
HREF="bki-structure.html"
>Structure of the Bootstrap <ACRONYM
CLASS="ACRONYM"
>BKI</ACRONYM
> File</A
></DT
><DT
>57.4. <A
HREF="bki-example.html"
>Example</A
></DT
></DL
></DD
><DT
>58. <A
HREF="planner-stats-details.html"
>How the Planner Uses Statistics</A
></DT
><DD
><DL
><DT
>58.1. <A
HREF="row-estimation-examples.html"
>Row Estimation Examples</A
></DT
><DT
>58.2. <A
HREF="planner-stats-security.html"
>Planner Statistics and Security</A
></DT
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