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#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Generate Python documentation in HTML or text for interactive use.
At the Python interactive prompt, calling help(thing) on a Python object
documents the object, and calling help() starts up an interactive
help session.
Or, at the shell command line outside of Python:
Run "pydoc <name>" to show documentation on something. <name> may be
the name of a function, module, package, or a dotted reference to a
class or function within a module or module in a package. If the
argument contains a path segment delimiter (e.g. slash on Unix,
backslash on Windows) it is treated as the path to a Python source file.
Run "pydoc -k <keyword>" to search for a keyword in the synopsis lines
of all available modules.
Run "pydoc -n <hostname>" to start an HTTP server with the given
hostname (default: localhost) on the local machine.
Run "pydoc -p <port>" to start an HTTP server on the given port on the
local machine. Port number 0 can be used to get an arbitrary unused port.
Run "pydoc -b" to start an HTTP server on an arbitrary unused port and
open a Web browser to interactively browse documentation. Combine with
the -n and -p options to control the hostname and port used.
Run "pydoc -w <name>" to write out the HTML documentation for a module
to a file named "<name>.html".
Module docs for core modules are assumed to be in
https://docs.python.org/X.Y/library/
This can be overridden by setting the PYTHONDOCS environment variable
to a different URL or to a local directory containing the Library
Reference Manual pages.
"""
__all__ = ['help']
__author__ = "Ka-Ping Yee <ping@lfw.org>"
__date__ = "26 February 2001"
__credits__ = """Guido van Rossum, for an excellent programming language.
Tommy Burnette, the original creator of manpy.
Paul Prescod, for all his work on onlinehelp.
Richard Chamberlain, for the first implementation of textdoc.
"""
# Known bugs that can't be fixed here:
# - synopsis() cannot be prevented from clobbering existing
# loaded modules.
# - If the __file__ attribute on a module is a relative path and
# the current directory is changed with os.chdir(), an incorrect
# path will be displayed.
import builtins
import importlib._bootstrap
import importlib._bootstrap_external
import importlib.machinery
import importlib.util
import inspect
import io
import os
import pkgutil
import platform
import re
import sys
import sysconfig
import time
import tokenize
import types
import urllib.parse
import warnings
from collections import deque
from reprlib import Repr
from traceback import format_exception_only
# --------------------------------------------------------- common routines
def pathdirs():
"""Convert sys.path into a list of absolute, existing, unique paths."""
dirs = []
normdirs = []
for dir in sys.path:
dir = os.path.abspath(dir or '.')
normdir = os.path.normcase(dir)
if normdir not in normdirs and os.path.isdir(dir):
dirs.append(dir)
normdirs.append(normdir)
return dirs
def _isclass(object):
return inspect.isclass(object) and not isinstance(object, types.GenericAlias)
def _findclass(func):
cls = sys.modules.get(func.__module__)
if cls is None:
return None
for name in func.__qualname__.split('.')[:-1]:
cls = getattr(cls, name)
if not _isclass(cls):
return None
return cls
def _finddoc(obj):
if inspect.ismethod(obj):
name = obj.__func__.__name__
self = obj.__self__
if (_isclass(self) and
getattr(getattr(self, name, None), '__func__') is obj.__func__):
# classmethod
cls = self
else:
cls = self.__class__
elif inspect.isfunction(obj):
name = obj.__name__
cls = _findclass(obj)
if cls is None or getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
return None
elif inspect.isbuiltin(obj):
name = obj.__name__
self = obj.__self__
if (_isclass(self) and
self.__qualname__ + '.' + name == obj.__qualname__):
# classmethod
cls = self
else:
cls = self.__class__
# Should be tested before isdatadescriptor().
elif isinstance(obj, property):
func = obj.fget
name = func.__name__
cls = _findclass(func)
if cls is None or getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
return None
elif inspect.ismethoddescriptor(obj) or inspect.isdatadescriptor(obj):
name = obj.__name__
cls = obj.__objclass__
if getattr(cls, name) is not obj:
return None
if inspect.ismemberdescriptor(obj):
slots = getattr(cls, '__slots__', None)
if isinstance(slots, dict) and name in slots:
return slots[name]
else:
return None
for base in cls.__mro__:
try:
doc = _getowndoc(getattr(base, name))
except AttributeError:
continue
if doc is not None:
return doc
return None
def _getowndoc(obj):
"""Get the documentation string for an object if it is not
inherited from its class."""
try:
doc = object.__getattribute__(obj, '__doc__')
if doc is None:
return None
if obj is not type:
typedoc = type(obj).__doc__
if isinstance(typedoc, str) and typedoc == doc:
return None
return doc
except AttributeError:
return None
def _getdoc(object):
"""Get the documentation string for an object.
All tabs are expanded to spaces. To clean up docstrings that are
indented to line up with blocks of code, any whitespace than can be
uniformly removed from the second line onwards is removed."""
doc = _getowndoc(object)
if doc is None:
try:
doc = _finddoc(object)
except (AttributeError, TypeError):
return None
if not isinstance(doc, str):
return None
return inspect.cleandoc(doc)
def getdoc(object):
"""Get the doc string or comments for an object."""
result = _getdoc(object) or inspect.getcomments(object)
return result and re.sub('^ *\n', '', result.rstrip()) or ''
def splitdoc(doc):
"""Split a doc string into a synopsis line (if any) and the rest."""
lines = doc.strip().split('\n')
if len(lines) == 1:
return lines[0], ''
elif len(lines) >= 2 and not lines[1].rstrip():
return lines[0], '\n'.join(lines[2:])
return '', '\n'.join(lines)
def classname(object, modname):
"""Get a class name and qualify it with a module name if necessary."""
name = object.__name__
if object.__module__ != modname:
name = object.__module__ + '.' + name
return name
def isdata(object):
"""Check if an object is of a type that probably means it's data."""
return not (inspect.ismodule(object) or _isclass(object) or
inspect.isroutine(object) or inspect.isframe(object) or
inspect.istraceback(object) or inspect.iscode(object))
def replace(text, *pairs):
"""Do a series of global replacements on a string."""
while pairs:
text = pairs[1].join(text.split(pairs[0]))
pairs = pairs[2:]
return text
def cram(text, maxlen):
"""Omit part of a string if needed to make it fit in a maximum length."""
if len(text) > maxlen:
pre = max(0, (maxlen-3)//2)
post = max(0, maxlen-3-pre)
return text[:pre] + '...' + text[len(text)-post:]
return text
_re_stripid = re.compile(r' at 0x[0-9a-f]{6,16}(>+)$', re.IGNORECASE)
def stripid(text):
"""Remove the hexadecimal id from a Python object representation."""
# The behaviour of %p is implementation-dependent in terms of case.
return _re_stripid.sub(r'\1', text)
def _is_bound_method(fn):
"""
Returns True if fn is a bound method, regardless of whether
fn was implemented in Python or in C.
"""
if inspect.ismethod(fn):
return True
if inspect.isbuiltin(fn):
self = getattr(fn, '__self__', None)
return not (inspect.ismodule(self) or (self is None))
return False
def allmethods(cl):
methods = {}
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(cl, inspect.isroutine):
methods[key] = 1
for base in cl.__bases__:
methods.update(allmethods(base)) # all your base are belong to us
for key in methods.keys():
methods[key] = getattr(cl, key)
return methods
def _split_list(s, predicate):
"""Split sequence s via predicate, and return pair ([true], [false]).
The return value is a 2-tuple of lists,
([x for x in s if predicate(x)],
[x for x in s if not predicate(x)])
"""
yes = []
no = []
for x in s:
if predicate(x):
yes.append(x)
else:
no.append(x)
return yes, no
def visiblename(name, all=None, obj=None):
"""Decide whether to show documentation on a variable."""
# Certain special names are redundant or internal.
# XXX Remove __initializing__?
if name in {'__author__', '__builtins__', '__cached__', '__credits__',
'__date__', '__doc__', '__file__', '__spec__',
'__loader__', '__module__', '__name__', '__package__',
'__path__', '__qualname__', '__slots__', '__version__'}:
return 0
# Private names are hidden, but special names are displayed.
if name.startswith('__') and name.endswith('__'): return 1
# Namedtuples have public fields and methods with a single leading underscore
if name.startswith('_') and hasattr(obj, '_fields'):
return True
if all is not None:
# only document that which the programmer exported in __all__
return name in all
else:
return not name.startswith('_')
def classify_class_attrs(object):
"""Wrap inspect.classify_class_attrs, with fixup for data descriptors."""
results = []
for (name, kind, cls, value) in inspect.classify_class_attrs(object):
if inspect.isdatadescriptor(value):
kind = 'data descriptor'
if isinstance(value, property) and value.fset is None:
kind = 'readonly property'
results.append((name, kind, cls, value))
return results
def sort_attributes(attrs, object):
'Sort the attrs list in-place by _fields and then alphabetically by name'
# This allows data descriptors to be ordered according
# to a _fields attribute if present.
fields = getattr(object, '_fields', [])
try:
field_order = {name : i-len(fields) for (i, name) in enumerate(fields)}
except TypeError:
field_order = {}
keyfunc = lambda attr: (field_order.get(attr[0], 0), attr[0])
attrs.sort(key=keyfunc)
# ----------------------------------------------------- module manipulation
def ispackage(path):
"""Guess whether a path refers to a package directory."""
if os.path.isdir(path):
for ext in ('.py', '.pyc'):
if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, '__init__' + ext)):
return True
return False
def source_synopsis(file):
line = file.readline()
while line[:1] == '#' or not line.strip():
line = file.readline()
if not line: break
line = line.strip()
if line[:4] == 'r"""': line = line[1:]
if line[:3] == '"""':
line = line[3:]
if line[-1:] == '\\': line = line[:-1]
while not line.strip():
line = file.readline()
if not line: break
result = line.split('"""')[0].strip()
else: result = None
return result
def synopsis(filename, cache={}):
"""Get the one-line summary out of a module file."""
mtime = os.stat(filename).st_mtime
lastupdate, result = cache.get(filename, (None, None))
if lastupdate is None or lastupdate < mtime:
# Look for binary suffixes first, falling back to source.
if filename.endswith(tuple(importlib.machinery.BYTECODE_SUFFIXES)):
loader_cls = importlib.machinery.SourcelessFileLoader
elif filename.endswith(tuple(importlib.machinery.EXTENSION_SUFFIXES)):
loader_cls = importlib.machinery.ExtensionFileLoader
else:
loader_cls = None
# Now handle the choice.
if loader_cls is None:
# Must be a source file.
try:
file = tokenize.open(filename)
except OSError:
# module can't be opened, so skip it
return None
# text modules can be directly examined
with file:
result = source_synopsis(file)
else:
# Must be a binary module, which has to be imported.
loader = loader_cls('__temp__', filename)
# XXX We probably don't need to pass in the loader here.
spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location('__temp__', filename,
loader=loader)
try:
module = importlib._bootstrap._load(spec)
except:
return None
del sys.modules['__temp__']
result = module.__doc__.splitlines()[0] if module.__doc__ else None
# Cache the result.
cache[filename] = (mtime, result)
return result
class ErrorDuringImport(Exception):
"""Errors that occurred while trying to import something to document it."""
def __init__(self, filename, exc_info):
self.filename = filename
self.exc, self.value, self.tb = exc_info
def __str__(self):
exc = self.exc.__name__
return 'problem in %s - %s: %s' % (self.filename, exc, self.value)
def importfile(path):
"""Import a Python source file or compiled file given its path."""
magic = importlib.util.MAGIC_NUMBER
with open(path, 'rb') as file:
is_bytecode = magic == file.read(len(magic))
filename = os.path.basename(path)
name, ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
if is_bytecode:
loader = importlib._bootstrap_external.SourcelessFileLoader(name, path)
else:
loader = importlib._bootstrap_external.SourceFileLoader(name, path)
# XXX We probably don't need to pass in the loader here.
spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location(name, path, loader=loader)
try:
return importlib._bootstrap._load(spec)
except:
raise ErrorDuringImport(path, sys.exc_info())
def safeimport(path, forceload=0, cache={}):
"""Import a module; handle errors; return None if the module isn't found.
If the module *is* found but an exception occurs, it's wrapped in an
ErrorDuringImport exception and reraised. Unlike __import__, if a
package path is specified, the module at the end of the path is returned,
not the package at the beginning. If the optional 'forceload' argument
is 1, we reload the module from disk (unless it's a dynamic extension)."""
try:
# If forceload is 1 and the module has been previously loaded from
# disk, we always have to reload the module. Checking the file's
# mtime isn't good enough (e.g. the module could contain a class
# that inherits from another module that has changed).
if forceload and path in sys.modules:
if path not in sys.builtin_module_names:
# Remove the module from sys.modules and re-import to try
# and avoid problems with partially loaded modules.
# Also remove any submodules because they won't appear
# in the newly loaded module's namespace if they're already
# in sys.modules.
subs = [m for m in sys.modules if m.startswith(path + '.')]
for key in [path] + subs:
# Prevent garbage collection.
cache[key] = sys.modules[key]
del sys.modules[key]
module = __import__(path)
except:
# Did the error occur before or after the module was found?
(exc, value, tb) = info = sys.exc_info()
if path in sys.modules:
# An error occurred while executing the imported module.
raise ErrorDuringImport(sys.modules[path].__file__, info)
elif exc is SyntaxError:
# A SyntaxError occurred before we could execute the module.
raise ErrorDuringImport(value.filename, info)
elif issubclass(exc, ImportError) and value.name == path:
# No such module in the path.
return None
else:
# Some other error occurred during the importing process.
raise ErrorDuringImport(path, sys.exc_info())
for part in path.split('.')[1:]:
try: module = getattr(module, part)
except AttributeError: return None
return module
# ---------------------------------------------------- formatter base class
class Doc:
PYTHONDOCS = os.environ.get("PYTHONDOCS",
"https://docs.python.org/%d.%d/library"
% sys.version_info[:2])
def document(self, object, name=None, *args):
"""Generate documentation for an object."""
args = (object, name) + args
# 'try' clause is to attempt to handle the possibility that inspect
# identifies something in a way that pydoc itself has issues handling;
# think 'super' and how it is a descriptor (which raises the exception
# by lacking a __name__ attribute) and an instance.
try:
if inspect.ismodule(object): return self.docmodule(*args)
if _isclass(object): return self.docclass(*args)
if inspect.isroutine(object): return self.docroutine(*args)
except AttributeError:
pass
if inspect.isdatadescriptor(object): return self.docdata(*args)
return self.docother(*args)
def fail(self, object, name=None, *args):
"""Raise an exception for unimplemented types."""
message = "don't know how to document object%s of type %s" % (
name and ' ' + repr(name), type(object).__name__)
raise TypeError(message)
docmodule = docclass = docroutine = docother = docproperty = docdata = fail
def getdocloc(self, object, basedir=sysconfig.get_path('stdlib')):
"""Return the location of module docs or None"""
try:
file = inspect.getabsfile(object)
except TypeError:
file = '(built-in)'
docloc = os.environ.get("PYTHONDOCS", self.PYTHONDOCS)
basedir = os.path.normcase(basedir)
if (isinstance(object, type(os)) and
(object.__name__ in ('errno', 'exceptions', 'gc', 'imp',
'marshal', 'posix', 'signal', 'sys',
'_thread', 'zipimport') or
(file.startswith(basedir) and
not file.startswith(os.path.join(basedir, 'site-packages')))) and
object.__name__ not in ('xml.etree', 'test.pydoc_mod')):
if docloc.startswith(("http://", "https://")):
docloc = "%s/%s" % (docloc.rstrip("/"), object.__name__.lower())
else:
docloc = os.path.join(docloc, object.__name__.lower() + ".html")
else:
docloc = None
return docloc
# -------------------------------------------- HTML documentation generator
class HTMLRepr(Repr):
"""Class for safely making an HTML representation of a Python object."""
def __init__(self):
Repr.__init__(self)
self.maxlist = self.maxtuple = 20
self.maxdict = 10
self.maxstring = self.maxother = 100
def escape(self, text):
return replace(text, '&', '&', '<', '<', '>', '>')
def repr(self, object):
return Repr.repr(self, object)
def repr1(self, x, level):
if hasattr(type(x), '__name__'):
methodname = 'repr_' + '_'.join(type(x).__name__.split())
if hasattr(self, methodname):
return getattr(self, methodname)(x, level)
return self.escape(cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxother))
def repr_string(self, x, level):
test = cram(x, self.maxstring)
testrepr = repr(test)
if '\\' in test and '\\' not in replace(testrepr, r'\\', ''):
# Backslashes are only literal in the string and are never
# needed to make any special characters, so show a raw string.
return 'r' + testrepr[0] + self.escape(test) + testrepr[0]
return re.sub(r'((\\[\\abfnrtv\'"]|\\[0-9]..|\\x..|\\u....)+)',
r'<font color="#c040c0">\1</font>',
self.escape(testrepr))
repr_str = repr_string
def repr_instance(self, x, level):
try:
return self.escape(cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxstring))
except:
return self.escape('<%s instance>' % x.__class__.__name__)
repr_unicode = repr_string
class HTMLDoc(Doc):
"""Formatter class for HTML documentation."""
# ------------------------------------------- HTML formatting utilities
_repr_instance = HTMLRepr()
repr = _repr_instance.repr
escape = _repr_instance.escape
def page(self, title, contents):
"""Format an HTML page."""
return '''\
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>Python: %s</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head><body bgcolor="#f0f0f8">
%s
</body></html>''' % (title, contents)
def heading(self, title, fgcol, bgcol, extras=''):
"""Format a page heading."""
return '''
<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="heading">
<tr bgcolor="%s">
<td valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial"> <br>%s</font></td
><td align=right valign=bottom
><font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">%s</font></td></tr></table>
''' % (bgcol, fgcol, title, fgcol, extras or ' ')
def section(self, title, fgcol, bgcol, contents, width=6,
prelude='', marginalia=None, gap=' '):
"""Format a section with a heading."""
if marginalia is None:
marginalia = '<tt>' + ' ' * width + '</tt>'
result = '''<p>
<table width="100%%" cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=0 summary="section">
<tr bgcolor="%s">
<td colspan=3 valign=bottom> <br>
<font color="%s" face="helvetica, arial">%s</font></td></tr>
''' % (bgcol, fgcol, title)
if prelude:
result = result + '''
<tr bgcolor="%s"><td rowspan=2>%s</td>
<td colspan=2>%s</td></tr>
<tr><td>%s</td>''' % (bgcol, marginalia, prelude, gap)
else:
result = result + '''
<tr><td bgcolor="%s">%s</td><td>%s</td>''' % (bgcol, marginalia, gap)
return result + '\n<td width="100%%">%s</td></tr></table>' % contents
def bigsection(self, title, *args):
"""Format a section with a big heading."""
title = '<big><strong>%s</strong></big>' % title
return self.section(title, *args)
def preformat(self, text):
"""Format literal preformatted text."""
text = self.escape(text.expandtabs())
return replace(text, '\n\n', '\n \n', '\n\n', '\n \n',
' ', ' ', '\n', '<br>\n')
def multicolumn(self, list, format, cols=4):
"""Format a list of items into a multi-column list."""
result = ''
rows = (len(list)+cols-1)//cols
for col in range(cols):
result = result + '<td width="%d%%" valign=top>' % (100//cols)
for i in range(rows*col, rows*col+rows):
if i < len(list):
result = result + format(list[i]) + '<br>\n'
result = result + '</td>'
return '<table width="100%%" summary="list"><tr>%s</tr></table>' % result
def grey(self, text): return '<font color="#909090">%s</font>' % text
def namelink(self, name, *dicts):
"""Make a link for an identifier, given name-to-URL mappings."""
for dict in dicts:
if name in dict:
return '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (dict[name], name)
return name
def classlink(self, object, modname):
"""Make a link for a class."""
name, module = object.__name__, sys.modules.get(object.__module__)
if hasattr(module, name) and getattr(module, name) is object:
return '<a href="%s.html#%s">%s</a>' % (
module.__name__, name, classname(object, modname))
return classname(object, modname)
def modulelink(self, object):
"""Make a link for a module."""
return '<a href="%s.html">%s</a>' % (object.__name__, object.__name__)
def modpkglink(self, modpkginfo):
"""Make a link for a module or package to display in an index."""
name, path, ispackage, shadowed = modpkginfo
if shadowed:
return self.grey(name)
if path:
url = '%s.%s.html' % (path, name)
else:
url = '%s.html' % name
if ispackage:
text = '<strong>%s</strong> (package)' % name
else:
text = name
return '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, text)
def filelink(self, url, path):
"""Make a link to source file."""
return '<a href="file:%s">%s</a>' % (url, path)
def markup(self, text, escape=None, funcs={}, classes={}, methods={}):
"""Mark up some plain text, given a context of symbols to look for.
Each context dictionary maps object names to anchor names."""
escape = escape or self.escape
results = []
here = 0
pattern = re.compile(r'\b((http|https|ftp)://\S+[\w/]|'
r'RFC[- ]?(\d+)|'
r'PEP[- ]?(\d+)|'
r'(self\.)?(\w+))')
while True:
match = pattern.search(text, here)
if not match: break
start, end = match.span()
results.append(escape(text[here:start]))
all, scheme, rfc, pep, selfdot, name = match.groups()
if scheme:
url = escape(all).replace('"', '"')
results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, url))
elif rfc:
url = 'http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc%d.txt' % int(rfc)
results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, escape(all)))
elif pep:
url = 'https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-%04d/' % int(pep)
results.append('<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (url, escape(all)))
elif selfdot:
# Create a link for methods like 'self.method(...)'
# and use <strong> for attributes like 'self.attr'
if text[end:end+1] == '(':
results.append('self.' + self.namelink(name, methods))
else:
results.append('self.<strong>%s</strong>' % name)
elif text[end:end+1] == '(':
results.append(self.namelink(name, methods, funcs, classes))
else:
results.append(self.namelink(name, classes))
here = end
results.append(escape(text[here:]))
return ''.join(results)
# ---------------------------------------------- type-specific routines
def formattree(self, tree, modname, parent=None):
"""Produce HTML for a class tree as given by inspect.getclasstree()."""
result = ''
for entry in tree:
if type(entry) is type(()):
c, bases = entry
result = result + '<dt><font face="helvetica, arial">'
result = result + self.classlink(c, modname)
if bases and bases != (parent,):
parents = []
for base in bases:
parents.append(self.classlink(base, modname))
result = result + '(' + ', '.join(parents) + ')'
result = result + '\n</font></dt>'
elif type(entry) is type([]):
result = result + '<dd>\n%s</dd>\n' % self.formattree(
entry, modname, c)
return '<dl>\n%s</dl>\n' % result
def docmodule(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a module object."""
name = object.__name__ # ignore the passed-in name
try:
all = object.__all__
except AttributeError:
all = None
parts = name.split('.')
links = []
for i in range(len(parts)-1):
links.append(
'<a href="%s.html"><font color="#ffffff">%s</font></a>' %
('.'.join(parts[:i+1]), parts[i]))
linkedname = '.'.join(links + parts[-1:])
head = '<big><big><strong>%s</strong></big></big>' % linkedname
try:
path = inspect.getabsfile(object)
url = urllib.parse.quote(path)
filelink = self.filelink(url, path)
except TypeError:
filelink = '(built-in)'
info = []
if hasattr(object, '__version__'):
version = str(object.__version__)
if version[:11] == '$' + 'Revision: ' and version[-1:] == '$':
version = version[11:-1].strip()
info.append('version %s' % self.escape(version))
if hasattr(object, '__date__'):
info.append(self.escape(str(object.__date__)))
if info:
head = head + ' (%s)' % ', '.join(info)
docloc = self.getdocloc(object)
if docloc is not None:
docloc = '<br><a href="%(docloc)s">Module Reference</a>' % locals()
else:
docloc = ''
result = self.heading(
head, '#ffffff', '#7799ee',
'<a href=".">index</a><br>' + filelink + docloc)
modules = inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.ismodule)
classes, cdict = [], {}
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, _isclass):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None or
(inspect.getmodule(value) or object) is object):
if visiblename(key, all, object):
classes.append((key, value))
cdict[key] = cdict[value] = '#' + key
for key, value in classes:
for base in value.__bases__:
key, modname = base.__name__, base.__module__
module = sys.modules.get(modname)
if modname != name and module and hasattr(module, key):
if getattr(module, key) is base:
if not key in cdict:
cdict[key] = cdict[base] = modname + '.html#' + key
funcs, fdict = [], {}
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isroutine):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None or
inspect.isbuiltin(value) or inspect.getmodule(value) is object):
if visiblename(key, all, object):
funcs.append((key, value))
fdict[key] = '#-' + key
if inspect.isfunction(value): fdict[value] = fdict[key]
data = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, isdata):
if visiblename(key, all, object):
data.append((key, value))
doc = self.markup(getdoc(object), self.preformat, fdict, cdict)
doc = doc and '<tt>%s</tt>' % doc
result = result + '<p>%s</p>\n' % doc
if hasattr(object, '__path__'):
modpkgs = []
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(object.__path__):
modpkgs.append((modname, name, ispkg, 0))
modpkgs.sort()
contents = self.multicolumn(modpkgs, self.modpkglink)
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Package Contents', '#ffffff', '#aa55cc', contents)
elif modules:
contents = self.multicolumn(
modules, lambda t: self.modulelink(t[1]))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Modules', '#ffffff', '#aa55cc', contents)
if classes:
classlist = [value for (key, value) in classes]
contents = [
self.formattree(inspect.getclasstree(classlist, 1), name)]
for key, value in classes:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name, fdict, cdict))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Classes', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', ' '.join(contents))
if funcs:
contents = []
for key, value in funcs:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name, fdict, cdict))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Functions', '#ffffff', '#eeaa77', ' '.join(contents))
if data:
contents = []
for key, value in data:
contents.append(self.document(value, key))
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Data', '#ffffff', '#55aa55', '<br>\n'.join(contents))
if hasattr(object, '__author__'):
contents = self.markup(str(object.__author__), self.preformat)
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Author', '#ffffff', '#7799ee', contents)
if hasattr(object, '__credits__'):
contents = self.markup(str(object.__credits__), self.preformat)
result = result + self.bigsection(
'Credits', '#ffffff', '#7799ee', contents)
return result
def docclass(self, object, name=None, mod=None, funcs={}, classes={},
*ignored):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a class object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
bases = object.__bases__
contents = []
push = contents.append
# Cute little class to pump out a horizontal rule between sections.
class HorizontalRule:
def __init__(self):
self.needone = 0
def maybe(self):
if self.needone:
push('<hr>\n')
self.needone = 1
hr = HorizontalRule()
# List the mro, if non-trivial.
mro = deque(inspect.getmro(object))
if len(mro) > 2:
hr.maybe()
push('<dl><dt>Method resolution order:</dt>\n')
for base in mro:
push('<dd>%s</dd>\n' % self.classlink(base,
object.__module__))
push('</dl>\n')
def spill(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
try:
value = getattr(object, name)
except Exception:
# Some descriptors may meet a failure in their __get__.
# (bug #1785)
push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
else:
push(self.document(value, name, mod,
funcs, classes, mdict, object))
push('\n')
return attrs
def spilldescriptors(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
return attrs
def spilldata(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
base = self.docother(getattr(object, name), name, mod)
doc = getdoc(value)
if not doc:
push('<dl><dt>%s</dl>\n' % base)
else:
doc = self.markup(getdoc(value), self.preformat,
funcs, classes, mdict)
doc = '<dd><tt>%s</tt>' % doc
push('<dl><dt>%s%s</dl>\n' % (base, doc))
push('\n')
return attrs
attrs = [(name, kind, cls, value)
for name, kind, cls, value in classify_class_attrs(object)
if visiblename(name, obj=object)]
mdict = {}
for key, kind, homecls, value in attrs:
mdict[key] = anchor = '#' + name + '-' + key
try:
value = getattr(object, name)
except Exception:
# Some descriptors may meet a failure in their __get__.
# (bug #1785)
pass
try:
# The value may not be hashable (e.g., a data attr with
# a dict or list value).
mdict[value] = anchor
except TypeError:
pass
while attrs:
if mro:
thisclass = mro.popleft()
else:
thisclass = attrs[0][2]
attrs, inherited = _split_list(attrs, lambda t: t[2] is thisclass)
if object is not builtins.object and thisclass is builtins.object:
attrs = inherited
continue
elif thisclass is object:
tag = 'defined here'
else:
tag = 'inherited from %s' % self.classlink(thisclass,
object.__module__)
tag += ':<br>\n'
sort_attributes(attrs, object)
# Pump out the attrs, segregated by kind.
attrs = spill('Methods %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'method')
attrs = spill('Class methods %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'class method')
attrs = spill('Static methods %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'static method')
attrs = spilldescriptors("Readonly properties %s" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'readonly property')
attrs = spilldescriptors('Data descriptors %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data descriptor')
attrs = spilldata('Data and other attributes %s' % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data')
assert attrs == []
attrs = inherited
contents = ''.join(contents)
if name == realname:
title = '<a name="%s">class <strong>%s</strong></a>' % (
name, realname)
else:
title = '<strong>%s</strong> = <a name="%s">class %s</a>' % (
name, name, realname)
if bases:
parents = []
for base in bases:
parents.append(self.classlink(base, object.__module__))
title = title + '(%s)' % ', '.join(parents)
decl = ''
try:
signature = inspect.signature(object)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
signature = None
if signature:
argspec = str(signature)
if argspec and argspec != '()':
decl = name + self.escape(argspec) + '\n\n'
doc = getdoc(object)
if decl:
doc = decl + (doc or '')
doc = self.markup(doc, self.preformat, funcs, classes, mdict)
doc = doc and '<tt>%s<br> </tt>' % doc
return self.section(title, '#000000', '#ffc8d8', contents, 3, doc)
def formatvalue(self, object):
"""Format an argument default value as text."""
return self.grey('=' + self.repr(object))
def docroutine(self, object, name=None, mod=None,
funcs={}, classes={}, methods={}, cl=None):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a function or method object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
anchor = (cl and cl.__name__ or '') + '-' + name
note = ''
skipdocs = 0
if _is_bound_method(object):
imclass = object.__self__.__class__
if cl:
if imclass is not cl:
note = ' from ' + self.classlink(imclass, mod)
else:
if object.__self__ is not None:
note = ' method of %s instance' % self.classlink(
object.__self__.__class__, mod)
else:
note = ' unbound %s method' % self.classlink(imclass,mod)
if (inspect.iscoroutinefunction(object) or
inspect.isasyncgenfunction(object)):
asyncqualifier = 'async '
else:
asyncqualifier = ''
if name == realname:
title = '<a name="%s"><strong>%s</strong></a>' % (anchor, realname)
else:
if cl and inspect.getattr_static(cl, realname, []) is object:
reallink = '<a href="#%s">%s</a>' % (
cl.__name__ + '-' + realname, realname)
skipdocs = 1
else:
reallink = realname
title = '<a name="%s"><strong>%s</strong></a> = %s' % (
anchor, name, reallink)
argspec = None
if inspect.isroutine(object):
try:
signature = inspect.signature(object)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
signature = None
if signature:
argspec = str(signature)
if realname == '<lambda>':
title = '<strong>%s</strong> <em>lambda</em> ' % name
# XXX lambda's won't usually have func_annotations['return']
# since the syntax doesn't support but it is possible.
# So removing parentheses isn't truly safe.
argspec = argspec[1:-1] # remove parentheses
if not argspec:
argspec = '(...)'
decl = asyncqualifier + title + self.escape(argspec) + (note and
self.grey('<font face="helvetica, arial">%s</font>' % note))
if skipdocs:
return '<dl><dt>%s</dt></dl>\n' % decl
else:
doc = self.markup(
getdoc(object), self.preformat, funcs, classes, methods)
doc = doc and '<dd><tt>%s</tt></dd>' % doc
return '<dl><dt>%s</dt>%s</dl>\n' % (decl, doc)
def docdata(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce html documentation for a data descriptor."""
results = []
push = results.append
if name:
push('<dl><dt><strong>%s</strong></dt>\n' % name)
doc = self.markup(getdoc(object), self.preformat)
if doc:
push('<dd><tt>%s</tt></dd>\n' % doc)
push('</dl>\n')
return ''.join(results)
docproperty = docdata
def docother(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
"""Produce HTML documentation for a data object."""
lhs = name and '<strong>%s</strong> = ' % name or ''
return lhs + self.repr(object)
def index(self, dir, shadowed=None):
"""Generate an HTML index for a directory of modules."""
modpkgs = []
if shadowed is None: shadowed = {}
for importer, name, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules([dir]):
if any((0xD800 <= ord(ch) <= 0xDFFF) for ch in name):
# ignore a module if its name contains a surrogate character
continue
modpkgs.append((name, '', ispkg, name in shadowed))
shadowed[name] = 1
modpkgs.sort()
contents = self.multicolumn(modpkgs, self.modpkglink)
return self.bigsection(dir, '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)
# -------------------------------------------- text documentation generator
class TextRepr(Repr):
"""Class for safely making a text representation of a Python object."""
def __init__(self):
Repr.__init__(self)
self.maxlist = self.maxtuple = 20
self.maxdict = 10
self.maxstring = self.maxother = 100
def repr1(self, x, level):
if hasattr(type(x), '__name__'):
methodname = 'repr_' + '_'.join(type(x).__name__.split())
if hasattr(self, methodname):
return getattr(self, methodname)(x, level)
return cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxother)
def repr_string(self, x, level):
test = cram(x, self.maxstring)
testrepr = repr(test)
if '\\' in test and '\\' not in replace(testrepr, r'\\', ''):
# Backslashes are only literal in the string and are never
# needed to make any special characters, so show a raw string.
return 'r' + testrepr[0] + test + testrepr[0]
return testrepr
repr_str = repr_string
def repr_instance(self, x, level):
try:
return cram(stripid(repr(x)), self.maxstring)
except:
return '<%s instance>' % x.__class__.__name__
class TextDoc(Doc):
"""Formatter class for text documentation."""
# ------------------------------------------- text formatting utilities
_repr_instance = TextRepr()
repr = _repr_instance.repr
def bold(self, text):
"""Format a string in bold by overstriking."""
return ''.join(ch + '\b' + ch for ch in text)
def indent(self, text, prefix=' '):
"""Indent text by prepending a given prefix to each line."""
if not text: return ''
lines = [prefix + line for line in text.split('\n')]
if lines: lines[-1] = lines[-1].rstrip()
return '\n'.join(lines)
def section(self, title, contents):
"""Format a section with a given heading."""
clean_contents = self.indent(contents).rstrip()
return self.bold(title) + '\n' + clean_contents + '\n\n'
# ---------------------------------------------- type-specific routines
def formattree(self, tree, modname, parent=None, prefix=''):
"""Render in text a class tree as returned by inspect.getclasstree()."""
result = ''
for entry in tree:
if type(entry) is type(()):
c, bases = entry
result = result + prefix + classname(c, modname)
if bases and bases != (parent,):
parents = (classname(c, modname) for c in bases)
result = result + '(%s)' % ', '.join(parents)
result = result + '\n'
elif type(entry) is type([]):
result = result + self.formattree(
entry, modname, c, prefix + ' ')
return result
def docmodule(self, object, name=None, mod=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a given module object."""
name = object.__name__ # ignore the passed-in name
synop, desc = splitdoc(getdoc(object))
result = self.section('NAME', name + (synop and ' - ' + synop))
all = getattr(object, '__all__', None)
docloc = self.getdocloc(object)
if docloc is not None:
result = result + self.section('MODULE REFERENCE', docloc + """
The following documentation is automatically generated from the Python
source files. It may be incomplete, incorrect or include features that
are considered implementation detail and may vary between Python
implementations. When in doubt, consult the module reference at the
location listed above.
""")
if desc:
result = result + self.section('DESCRIPTION', desc)
classes = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, _isclass):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None
or (inspect.getmodule(value) or object) is object):
if visiblename(key, all, object):
classes.append((key, value))
funcs = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.isroutine):
# if __all__ exists, believe it. Otherwise use old heuristic.
if (all is not None or
inspect.isbuiltin(value) or inspect.getmodule(value) is object):
if visiblename(key, all, object):
funcs.append((key, value))
data = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, isdata):
if visiblename(key, all, object):
data.append((key, value))
modpkgs = []
modpkgs_names = set()
if hasattr(object, '__path__'):
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.iter_modules(object.__path__):
modpkgs_names.add(modname)
if ispkg:
modpkgs.append(modname + ' (package)')
else:
modpkgs.append(modname)
modpkgs.sort()
result = result + self.section(
'PACKAGE CONTENTS', '\n'.join(modpkgs))
# Detect submodules as sometimes created by C extensions
submodules = []
for key, value in inspect.getmembers(object, inspect.ismodule):
if value.__name__.startswith(name + '.') and key not in modpkgs_names:
submodules.append(key)
if submodules:
submodules.sort()
result = result + self.section(
'SUBMODULES', '\n'.join(submodules))
if classes:
classlist = [value for key, value in classes]
contents = [self.formattree(
inspect.getclasstree(classlist, 1), name)]
for key, value in classes:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name))
result = result + self.section('CLASSES', '\n'.join(contents))
if funcs:
contents = []
for key, value in funcs:
contents.append(self.document(value, key, name))
result = result + self.section('FUNCTIONS', '\n'.join(contents))
if data:
contents = []
for key, value in data:
contents.append(self.docother(value, key, name, maxlen=70))
result = result + self.section('DATA', '\n'.join(contents))
if hasattr(object, '__version__'):
version = str(object.__version__)
if version[:11] == '$' + 'Revision: ' and version[-1:] == '$':
version = version[11:-1].strip()
result = result + self.section('VERSION', version)
if hasattr(object, '__date__'):
result = result + self.section('DATE', str(object.__date__))
if hasattr(object, '__author__'):
result = result + self.section('AUTHOR', str(object.__author__))
if hasattr(object, '__credits__'):
result = result + self.section('CREDITS', str(object.__credits__))
try:
file = inspect.getabsfile(object)
except TypeError:
file = '(built-in)'
result = result + self.section('FILE', file)
return result
def docclass(self, object, name=None, mod=None, *ignored):
"""Produce text documentation for a given class object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
bases = object.__bases__
def makename(c, m=object.__module__):
return classname(c, m)
if name == realname:
title = 'class ' + self.bold(realname)
else:
title = self.bold(name) + ' = class ' + realname
if bases:
parents = map(makename, bases)
title = title + '(%s)' % ', '.join(parents)
contents = []
push = contents.append
try:
signature = inspect.signature(object)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
signature = None
if signature:
argspec = str(signature)
if argspec and argspec != '()':
push(name + argspec + '\n')
doc = getdoc(object)
if doc:
push(doc + '\n')
# List the mro, if non-trivial.
mro = deque(inspect.getmro(object))
if len(mro) > 2:
push("Method resolution order:")
for base in mro:
push(' ' + makename(base))
push('')
# List the built-in subclasses, if any:
subclasses = sorted(
(str(cls.__name__) for cls in type.__subclasses__(object)
if not cls.__name__.startswith("_") and cls.__module__ == "builtins"),
key=str.lower
)
no_of_subclasses = len(subclasses)
MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY = 4
if subclasses:
push("Built-in subclasses:")
for subclassname in subclasses[:MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY]:
push(' ' + subclassname)
if no_of_subclasses > MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY:
push(' ... and ' +
str(no_of_subclasses - MAX_SUBCLASSES_TO_DISPLAY) +
' other subclasses')
push('')
# Cute little class to pump out a horizontal rule between sections.
class HorizontalRule:
def __init__(self):
self.needone = 0
def maybe(self):
if self.needone:
push('-' * 70)
self.needone = 1
hr = HorizontalRule()
def spill(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
try:
value = getattr(object, name)
except Exception:
# Some descriptors may meet a failure in their __get__.
# (bug #1785)
push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
else:
push(self.document(value,
name, mod, object))
return attrs
def spilldescriptors(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
push(self.docdata(value, name, mod))
return attrs
def spilldata(msg, attrs, predicate):
ok, attrs = _split_list(attrs, predicate)
if ok:
hr.maybe()
push(msg)
for name, kind, homecls, value in ok:
doc = getdoc(value)
try:
obj = getattr(object, name)
except AttributeError:
obj = homecls.__dict__[name]
push(self.docother(obj, name, mod, maxlen=70, doc=doc) +
'\n')
return attrs
attrs = [(name, kind, cls, value)
for name, kind, cls, value in classify_class_attrs(object)
if visiblename(name, obj=object)]
while attrs:
if mro:
thisclass = mro.popleft()
else:
thisclass = attrs[0][2]
attrs, inherited = _split_list(attrs, lambda t: t[2] is thisclass)
if object is not builtins.object and thisclass is builtins.object:
attrs = inherited
continue
elif thisclass is object:
tag = "defined here"
else:
tag = "inherited from %s" % classname(thisclass,
object.__module__)
sort_attributes(attrs, object)
# Pump out the attrs, segregated by kind.
attrs = spill("Methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'method')
attrs = spill("Class methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'class method')
attrs = spill("Static methods %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'static method')
attrs = spilldescriptors("Readonly properties %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'readonly property')
attrs = spilldescriptors("Data descriptors %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data descriptor')
attrs = spilldata("Data and other attributes %s:\n" % tag, attrs,
lambda t: t[1] == 'data')
assert attrs == []
attrs = inherited
contents = '\n'.join(contents)
if not contents:
return title + '\n'
return title + '\n' + self.indent(contents.rstrip(), ' | ') + '\n'
def formatvalue(self, object):
"""Format an argument default value as text."""
return '=' + self.repr(object)
def docroutine(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a function or method object."""
realname = object.__name__
name = name or realname
note = ''
skipdocs = 0
if _is_bound_method(object):
imclass = object.__self__.__class__
if cl:
if imclass is not cl:
note = ' from ' + classname(imclass, mod)
else:
if object.__self__ is not None:
note = ' method of %s instance' % classname(
object.__self__.__class__, mod)
else:
note = ' unbound %s method' % classname(imclass,mod)
if (inspect.iscoroutinefunction(object) or
inspect.isasyncgenfunction(object)):
asyncqualifier = 'async '
else:
asyncqualifier = ''
if name == realname:
title = self.bold(realname)
else:
if cl and inspect.getattr_static(cl, realname, []) is object:
skipdocs = 1
title = self.bold(name) + ' = ' + realname
argspec = None
if inspect.isroutine(object):
try:
signature = inspect.signature(object)
except (ValueError, TypeError):
signature = None
if signature:
argspec = str(signature)
if realname == '<lambda>':
title = self.bold(name) + ' lambda '
# XXX lambda's won't usually have func_annotations['return']
# since the syntax doesn't support but it is possible.
# So removing parentheses isn't truly safe.
argspec = argspec[1:-1] # remove parentheses
if not argspec:
argspec = '(...)'
decl = asyncqualifier + title + argspec + note
if skipdocs:
return decl + '\n'
else:
doc = getdoc(object) or ''
return decl + '\n' + (doc and self.indent(doc).rstrip() + '\n')
def docdata(self, object, name=None, mod=None, cl=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a data descriptor."""
results = []
push = results.append
if name:
push(self.bold(name))
push('\n')
doc = getdoc(object) or ''
if doc:
push(self.indent(doc))
push('\n')
return ''.join(results)
docproperty = docdata
def docother(self, object, name=None, mod=None, parent=None, maxlen=None, doc=None):
"""Produce text documentation for a data object."""
repr = self.repr(object)
if maxlen:
line = (name and name + ' = ' or '') + repr
chop = maxlen - len(line)
if chop < 0: repr = repr[:chop] + '...'
line = (name and self.bold(name) + ' = ' or '') + repr
if not doc:
doc = getdoc(object)
if doc:
line += '\n' + self.indent(str(doc)) + '\n'
return line
class _PlainTextDoc(TextDoc):
"""Subclass of TextDoc which overrides string styling"""
def bold(self, text):
return text
# --------------------------------------------------------- user interfaces
def pager(text):
"""The first time this is called, determine what kind of pager to use."""
global pager
pager = getpager()
pager(text)
def getpager():
"""Decide what method to use for paging through text."""
if not hasattr(sys.stdin, "isatty"):
return plainpager
if not hasattr(sys.stdout, "isatty"):
return plainpager
if not sys.stdin.isatty() or not sys.stdout.isatty():
return plainpager
use_pager = os.environ.get('MANPAGER') or os.environ.get('PAGER')
if use_pager:
if sys.platform == 'win32': # pipes completely broken in Windows
return lambda text: tempfilepager(plain(text), use_pager)
elif os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
return lambda text: pipepager(plain(text), use_pager)
else:
return lambda text: pipepager(text, use_pager)
if os.environ.get('TERM') in ('dumb', 'emacs'):
return plainpager
if sys.platform == 'win32':
return lambda text: tempfilepager(plain(text), 'more <')
if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('(less) 2>/dev/null') == 0:
return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'less')
import tempfile
(fd, filename) = tempfile.mkstemp()
os.close(fd)
try:
if hasattr(os, 'system') and os.system('more "%s"' % filename) == 0:
return lambda text: pipepager(text, 'more')
else:
return ttypager
finally:
os.unlink(filename)
def plain(text):
"""Remove boldface formatting from text."""
return re.sub('.\b', '', text)
def pipepager(text, cmd):
"""Page through text by feeding it to another program."""
import subprocess
proc = subprocess.Popen(cmd, shell=True, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
try:
with io.TextIOWrapper(proc.stdin, errors='backslashreplace') as pipe:
try:
pipe.write(text)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
# We've hereby abandoned whatever text hasn't been written,
# but the pager is still in control of the terminal.
pass
except OSError:
pass # Ignore broken pipes caused by quitting the pager program.
while True:
try:
proc.wait()
break
except KeyboardInterrupt:
# Ignore ctl-c like the pager itself does. Otherwise the pager is
# left running and the terminal is in raw mode and unusable.
pass
def tempfilepager(text, cmd):
"""Page through text by invoking a program on a temporary file."""
import tempfile
with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as tempdir:
filename = os.path.join(tempdir, 'pydoc.out')
with open(filename, 'w', errors='backslashreplace',
encoding=os.device_encoding(0) if
sys.platform == 'win32' else None
) as file:
file.write(text)
os.system(cmd + ' "' + filename + '"')
def _escape_stdout(text):
# Escape non-encodable characters to avoid encoding errors later
encoding = getattr(sys.stdout, 'encoding', None) or 'utf-8'
return text.encode(encoding, 'backslashreplace').decode(encoding)
def ttypager(text):
"""Page through text on a text terminal."""
lines = plain(_escape_stdout(text)).split('\n')
try:
import tty
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
old = tty.tcgetattr(fd)
tty.setcbreak(fd)
getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.read(1)
except (ImportError, AttributeError, io.UnsupportedOperation):
tty = None
getchar = lambda: sys.stdin.readline()[:-1][:1]
try:
try:
h = int(os.environ.get('LINES', 0))
except ValueError:
h = 0
if h <= 1:
h = 25
r = inc = h - 1
sys.stdout.write('\n'.join(lines[:inc]) + '\n')
while lines[r:]:
sys.stdout.write('-- more --')
sys.stdout.flush()
c = getchar()
if c in ('q', 'Q'):
sys.stdout.write('\r \r')
break
elif c in ('\r', '\n'):
sys.stdout.write('\r \r' + lines[r] + '\n')
r = r + 1
continue
if c in ('b', 'B', '\x1b'):
r = r - inc - inc
if r < 0: r = 0
sys.stdout.write('\n' + '\n'.join(lines[r:r+inc]) + '\n')
r = r + inc
finally:
if tty:
tty.tcsetattr(fd, tty.TCSAFLUSH, old)
def plainpager(text):
"""Simply print unformatted text. This is the ultimate fallback."""
sys.stdout.write(plain(_escape_stdout(text)))
def describe(thing):
"""Produce a short description of the given thing."""
if inspect.ismodule(thing):
if thing.__name__ in sys.builtin_module_names:
return 'built-in module ' + thing.__name__
if hasattr(thing, '__path__'):
return 'package ' + thing.__name__
else:
return 'module ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.isbuiltin(thing):
return 'built-in function ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.isgetsetdescriptor(thing):
return 'getset descriptor %s.%s.%s' % (
thing.__objclass__.__module__, thing.__objclass__.__name__,
thing.__name__)
if inspect.ismemberdescriptor(thing):
return 'member descriptor %s.%s.%s' % (
thing.__objclass__.__module__, thing.__objclass__.__name__,
thing.__name__)
if _isclass(thing):
return 'class ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.isfunction(thing):
return 'function ' + thing.__name__
if inspect.ismethod(thing):
return 'method ' + thing.__name__
return type(thing).__name__
def locate(path, forceload=0):
"""Locate an object by name or dotted path, importing as necessary."""
parts = [part for part in path.split('.') if part]
module, n = None, 0
while n < len(parts):
nextmodule = safeimport('.'.join(parts[:n+1]), forceload)
if nextmodule: module, n = nextmodule, n + 1
else: break
if module:
object = module
else:
object = builtins
for part in parts[n:]:
try:
object = getattr(object, part)
except AttributeError:
return None
return object
# --------------------------------------- interactive interpreter interface
text = TextDoc()
plaintext = _PlainTextDoc()
html = HTMLDoc()
def resolve(thing, forceload=0):
"""Given an object or a path to an object, get the object and its name."""
if isinstance(thing, str):
object = locate(thing, forceload)
if object is None:
raise ImportError('''\
No Python documentation found for %r.
Use help() to get the interactive help utility.
Use help(str) for help on the str class.''' % thing)
return object, thing
else:
name = getattr(thing, '__name__', None)
return thing, name if isinstance(name, str) else None
def render_doc(thing, title='Python Library Documentation: %s', forceload=0,
renderer=None):
"""Render text documentation, given an object or a path to an object."""
if renderer is None:
renderer = text
object, name = resolve(thing, forceload)
desc = describe(object)
module = inspect.getmodule(object)
if name and '.' in name:
desc += ' in ' + name[:name.rfind('.')]
elif module and module is not object:
desc += ' in module ' + module.__name__
if not (inspect.ismodule(object) or
_isclass(object) or
inspect.isroutine(object) or
inspect.isdatadescriptor(object) or
_getdoc(object)):
# If the passed object is a piece of data or an instance,
# document its available methods instead of its value.
if hasattr(object, '__origin__'):
object = object.__origin__
else:
object = type(object)
desc += ' object'
return title % desc + '\n\n' + renderer.document(object, name)
def doc(thing, title='Python Library Documentation: %s', forceload=0,
output=None):
"""Display text documentation, given an object or a path to an object."""
try:
if output is None:
pager(render_doc(thing, title, forceload))
else:
output.write(render_doc(thing, title, forceload, plaintext))
except (ImportError, ErrorDuringImport) as value:
print(value)
def writedoc(thing, forceload=0):
"""Write HTML documentation to a file in the current directory."""
try:
object, name = resolve(thing, forceload)
page = html.page(describe(object), html.document(object, name))
with open(name + '.html', 'w', encoding='utf-8') as file:
file.write(page)
print('wrote', name + '.html')
except (ImportError, ErrorDuringImport) as value:
print(value)
def writedocs(dir, pkgpath='', done=None):
"""Write out HTML documentation for all modules in a directory tree."""
if done is None: done = {}
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages([dir], pkgpath):
writedoc(modname)
return
class Helper:
# These dictionaries map a topic name to either an alias, or a tuple
# (label, seealso-items). The "label" is the label of the corresponding
# section in the .rst file under Doc/ and an index into the dictionary
# in pydoc_data/topics.py.
#
# CAUTION: if you change one of these dictionaries, be sure to adapt the
# list of needed labels in Doc/tools/extensions/pyspecific.py and
# regenerate the pydoc_data/topics.py file by running
# make pydoc-topics
# in Doc/ and copying the output file into the Lib/ directory.
keywords = {
'False': '',
'None': '',
'True': '',
'__peg_parser__': '',
'and': 'BOOLEAN',
'as': 'with',
'assert': ('assert', ''),
'async': ('async', ''),
'await': ('await', ''),
'break': ('break', 'while for'),
'class': ('class', 'CLASSES SPECIALMETHODS'),
'continue': ('continue', 'while for'),
'def': ('function', ''),
'del': ('del', 'BASICMETHODS'),
'elif': 'if',
'else': ('else', 'while for'),
'except': 'try',
'finally': 'try',
'for': ('for', 'break continue while'),
'from': 'import',
'global': ('global', 'nonlocal NAMESPACES'),
'if': ('if', 'TRUTHVALUE'),
'import': ('import', 'MODULES'),
'in': ('in', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS'),
'is': 'COMPARISON',
'lambda': ('lambda', 'FUNCTIONS'),
'nonlocal': ('nonlocal', 'global NAMESPACES'),
'not': 'BOOLEAN',
'or': 'BOOLEAN',
'pass': ('pass', ''),
'raise': ('raise', 'EXCEPTIONS'),
'return': ('return', 'FUNCTIONS'),
'try': ('try', 'EXCEPTIONS'),
'while': ('while', 'break continue if TRUTHVALUE'),
'with': ('with', 'CONTEXTMANAGERS EXCEPTIONS yield'),
'yield': ('yield', ''),
}
# Either add symbols to this dictionary or to the symbols dictionary
# directly: Whichever is easier. They are merged later.
_strprefixes = [p + q for p in ('b', 'f', 'r', 'u') for q in ("'", '"')]
_symbols_inverse = {
'STRINGS' : ("'", "'''", '"', '"""', *_strprefixes),
'OPERATORS' : ('+', '-', '*', '**', '/', '//', '%', '<<', '>>', '&',
'|', '^', '~', '<', '>', '<=', '>=', '==', '!=', '<>'),
'COMPARISON' : ('<', '>', '<=', '>=', '==', '!=', '<>'),
'UNARY' : ('-', '~'),
'AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT' : ('+=', '-=', '*=', '/=', '%=', '&=', '|=',
'^=', '<<=', '>>=', '**=', '//='),
'BITWISE' : ('<<', '>>', '&', '|', '^', '~'),
'COMPLEX' : ('j', 'J')
}
symbols = {
'%': 'OPERATORS FORMATTING',
'**': 'POWER',
',': 'TUPLES LISTS FUNCTIONS',
'.': 'ATTRIBUTES FLOAT MODULES OBJECTS',
'...': 'ELLIPSIS',
':': 'SLICINGS DICTIONARYLITERALS',
'@': 'def class',
'\\': 'STRINGS',
'_': 'PRIVATENAMES',
'__': 'PRIVATENAMES SPECIALMETHODS',
'`': 'BACKQUOTES',
'(': 'TUPLES FUNCTIONS CALLS',
')': 'TUPLES FUNCTIONS CALLS',
'[': 'LISTS SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS',
']': 'LISTS SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS'
}
for topic, symbols_ in _symbols_inverse.items():
for symbol in symbols_:
topics = symbols.get(symbol, topic)
if topic not in topics:
topics = topics + ' ' + topic
symbols[symbol] = topics
topics = {
'TYPES': ('types', 'STRINGS UNICODE NUMBERS SEQUENCES MAPPINGS '
'FUNCTIONS CLASSES MODULES FILES inspect'),
'STRINGS': ('strings', 'str UNICODE SEQUENCES STRINGMETHODS '
'FORMATTING TYPES'),
'STRINGMETHODS': ('string-methods', 'STRINGS FORMATTING'),
'FORMATTING': ('formatstrings', 'OPERATORS'),
'UNICODE': ('strings', 'encodings unicode SEQUENCES STRINGMETHODS '
'FORMATTING TYPES'),
'NUMBERS': ('numbers', 'INTEGER FLOAT COMPLEX TYPES'),
'INTEGER': ('integers', 'int range'),
'FLOAT': ('floating', 'float math'),
'COMPLEX': ('imaginary', 'complex cmath'),
'SEQUENCES': ('typesseq', 'STRINGMETHODS FORMATTING range LISTS'),
'MAPPINGS': 'DICTIONARIES',
'FUNCTIONS': ('typesfunctions', 'def TYPES'),
'METHODS': ('typesmethods', 'class def CLASSES TYPES'),
'CODEOBJECTS': ('bltin-code-objects', 'compile FUNCTIONS TYPES'),
'TYPEOBJECTS': ('bltin-type-objects', 'types TYPES'),
'FRAMEOBJECTS': 'TYPES',
'TRACEBACKS': 'TYPES',
'NONE': ('bltin-null-object', ''),
'ELLIPSIS': ('bltin-ellipsis-object', 'SLICINGS'),
'SPECIALATTRIBUTES': ('specialattrs', ''),
'CLASSES': ('types', 'class SPECIALMETHODS PRIVATENAMES'),
'MODULES': ('typesmodules', 'import'),
'PACKAGES': 'import',
'EXPRESSIONS': ('operator-summary', 'lambda or and not in is BOOLEAN '
'COMPARISON BITWISE SHIFTING BINARY FORMATTING POWER '
'UNARY ATTRIBUTES SUBSCRIPTS SLICINGS CALLS TUPLES '
'LISTS DICTIONARIES'),
'OPERATORS': 'EXPRESSIONS',
'PRECEDENCE': 'EXPRESSIONS',
'OBJECTS': ('objects', 'TYPES'),
'SPECIALMETHODS': ('specialnames', 'BASICMETHODS ATTRIBUTEMETHODS '
'CALLABLEMETHODS SEQUENCEMETHODS MAPPINGMETHODS '
'NUMBERMETHODS CLASSES'),
'BASICMETHODS': ('customization', 'hash repr str SPECIALMETHODS'),
'ATTRIBUTEMETHODS': ('attribute-access', 'ATTRIBUTES SPECIALMETHODS'),
'CALLABLEMETHODS': ('callable-types', 'CALLS SPECIALMETHODS'),
'SEQUENCEMETHODS': ('sequence-types', 'SEQUENCES SEQUENCEMETHODS '
'SPECIALMETHODS'),
'MAPPINGMETHODS': ('sequence-types', 'MAPPINGS SPECIALMETHODS'),
'NUMBERMETHODS': ('numeric-types', 'NUMBERS AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT '
'SPECIALMETHODS'),
'EXECUTION': ('execmodel', 'NAMESPACES DYNAMICFEATURES EXCEPTIONS'),
'NAMESPACES': ('naming', 'global nonlocal ASSIGNMENT DELETION DYNAMICFEATURES'),
'DYNAMICFEATURES': ('dynamic-features', ''),
'SCOPING': 'NAMESPACES',
'FRAMES': 'NAMESPACES',
'EXCEPTIONS': ('exceptions', 'try except finally raise'),
'CONVERSIONS': ('conversions', ''),
'IDENTIFIERS': ('identifiers', 'keywords SPECIALIDENTIFIERS'),
'SPECIALIDENTIFIERS': ('id-classes', ''),
'PRIVATENAMES': ('atom-identifiers', ''),
'LITERALS': ('atom-literals', 'STRINGS NUMBERS TUPLELITERALS '
'LISTLITERALS DICTIONARYLITERALS'),
'TUPLES': 'SEQUENCES',
'TUPLELITERALS': ('exprlists', 'TUPLES LITERALS'),
'LISTS': ('typesseq-mutable', 'LISTLITERALS'),
'LISTLITERALS': ('lists', 'LISTS LITERALS'),
'DICTIONARIES': ('typesmapping', 'DICTIONARYLITERALS'),
'DICTIONARYLITERALS': ('dict', 'DICTIONARIES LITERALS'),
'ATTRIBUTES': ('attribute-references', 'getattr hasattr setattr ATTRIBUTEMETHODS'),
'SUBSCRIPTS': ('subscriptions', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS'),
'SLICINGS': ('slicings', 'SEQUENCEMETHODS'),
'CALLS': ('calls', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'POWER': ('power', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'UNARY': ('unary', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'BINARY': ('binary', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'SHIFTING': ('shifting', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'BITWISE': ('bitwise', 'EXPRESSIONS'),
'COMPARISON': ('comparisons', 'EXPRESSIONS BASICMETHODS'),
'BOOLEAN': ('booleans', 'EXPRESSIONS TRUTHVALUE'),
'ASSERTION': 'assert',
'ASSIGNMENT': ('assignment', 'AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT'),
'AUGMENTEDASSIGNMENT': ('augassign', 'NUMBERMETHODS'),
'DELETION': 'del',
'RETURNING': 'return',
'IMPORTING': 'import',
'CONDITIONAL': 'if',
'LOOPING': ('compound', 'for while break continue'),
'TRUTHVALUE': ('truth', 'if while and or not BASICMETHODS'),
'DEBUGGING': ('debugger', 'pdb'),
'CONTEXTMANAGERS': ('context-managers', 'with'),
}
def __init__(self, input=None, output=None):
self._input = input
self._output = output
@property
def input(self):
return self._input or sys.stdin
@property
def output(self):
return self._output or sys.stdout
def __repr__(self):
if inspect.stack()[1][3] == '?':
self()
return ''
return '<%s.%s instance>' % (self.__class__.__module__,
self.__class__.__qualname__)
_GoInteractive = object()
def __call__(self, request=_GoInteractive):
if request is not self._GoInteractive:
self.help(request)
else:
self.intro()
self.interact()
self.output.write('''
You are now leaving help and returning to the Python interpreter.
If you want to ask for help on a particular object directly from the
interpreter, you can type "help(object)". Executing "help('string')"
has the same effect as typing a particular string at the help> prompt.
''')
def interact(self):
self.output.write('\n')
while True:
try:
request = self.getline('help> ')
if not request: break
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
break
request = request.strip()
# Make sure significant trailing quoting marks of literals don't
# get deleted while cleaning input
if (len(request) > 2 and request[0] == request[-1] in ("'", '"')
and request[0] not in request[1:-1]):
request = request[1:-1]
if request.lower() in ('q', 'quit'): break
if request == 'help':
self.intro()
else:
self.help(request)
def getline(self, prompt):
"""Read one line, using input() when appropriate."""
if self.input is sys.stdin:
return input(prompt)
else:
self.output.write(prompt)
self.output.flush()
return self.input.readline()
def help(self, request):
if type(request) is type(''):
request = request.strip()
if request == 'keywords': self.listkeywords()
elif request == 'symbols': self.listsymbols()
elif request == 'topics': self.listtopics()
elif request == 'modules': self.listmodules()
elif request[:8] == 'modules ':
self.listmodules(request.split()[1])
elif request in self.symbols: self.showsymbol(request)
elif request in ['True', 'False', 'None']:
# special case these keywords since they are objects too
doc(eval(request), 'Help on %s:')
elif request in self.keywords: self.showtopic(request)
elif request in self.topics: self.showtopic(request)
elif request: doc(request, 'Help on %s:', output=self._output)
else: doc(str, 'Help on %s:', output=self._output)
elif isinstance(request, Helper): self()
else: doc(request, 'Help on %s:', output=self._output)
self.output.write('\n')
def intro(self):
self.output.write('''
Welcome to Python {0}'s help utility!
If this is your first time using Python, you should definitely check out
the tutorial on the Internet at https://docs.python.org/{0}/tutorial/.
Enter the name of any module, keyword, or topic to get help on writing
Python programs and using Python modules. To quit this help utility and
return to the interpreter, just type "quit".
To get a list of available modules, keywords, symbols, or topics, type
"modules", "keywords", "symbols", or "topics". Each module also comes
with a one-line summary of what it does; to list the modules whose name
or summary contain a given string such as "spam", type "modules spam".
'''.format('%d.%d' % sys.version_info[:2]))
def list(self, items, columns=4, width=80):
items = list(sorted(items))
colw = width // columns
rows = (len(items) + columns - 1) // columns
for row in range(rows):
for col in range(columns):
i = col * rows + row
if i < len(items):
self.output.write(items[i])
if col < columns - 1:
self.output.write(' ' + ' ' * (colw - 1 - len(items[i])))
self.output.write('\n')
def listkeywords(self):
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of the Python keywords. Enter any keyword to get more help.
''')
self.list(self.keywords.keys())
def listsymbols(self):
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of the punctuation symbols which Python assigns special meaning
to. Enter any symbol to get more help.
''')
self.list(self.symbols.keys())
def listtopics(self):
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of available topics. Enter any topic name to get more help.
''')
self.list(self.topics.keys())
def showtopic(self, topic, more_xrefs=''):
try:
import pydoc_data.topics
except ImportError:
self.output.write('''
Sorry, topic and keyword documentation is not available because the
module "pydoc_data.topics" could not be found.
''')
return
target = self.topics.get(topic, self.keywords.get(topic))
if not target:
self.output.write('no documentation found for %s\n' % repr(topic))
return
if type(target) is type(''):
return self.showtopic(target, more_xrefs)
label, xrefs = target
try:
doc = pydoc_data.topics.topics[label]
except KeyError:
self.output.write('no documentation found for %s\n' % repr(topic))
return
doc = doc.strip() + '\n'
if more_xrefs:
xrefs = (xrefs or '') + ' ' + more_xrefs
if xrefs:
import textwrap
text = 'Related help topics: ' + ', '.join(xrefs.split()) + '\n'
wrapped_text = textwrap.wrap(text, 72)
doc += '\n%s\n' % '\n'.join(wrapped_text)
pager(doc)
def _gettopic(self, topic, more_xrefs=''):
"""Return unbuffered tuple of (topic, xrefs).
If an error occurs here, the exception is caught and displayed by
the url handler.
This function duplicates the showtopic method but returns its
result directly so it can be formatted for display in an html page.
"""
try:
import pydoc_data.topics
except ImportError:
return('''
Sorry, topic and keyword documentation is not available because the
module "pydoc_data.topics" could not be found.
''' , '')
target = self.topics.get(topic, self.keywords.get(topic))
if not target:
raise ValueError('could not find topic')
if isinstance(target, str):
return self._gettopic(target, more_xrefs)
label, xrefs = target
doc = pydoc_data.topics.topics[label]
if more_xrefs:
xrefs = (xrefs or '') + ' ' + more_xrefs
return doc, xrefs
def showsymbol(self, symbol):
target = self.symbols[symbol]
topic, _, xrefs = target.partition(' ')
self.showtopic(topic, xrefs)
def listmodules(self, key=''):
if key:
self.output.write('''
Here is a list of modules whose name or summary contains '{}'.
If there are any, enter a module name to get more help.
'''.format(key))
apropos(key)
else:
self.output.write('''
Please wait a moment while I gather a list of all available modules...
''')
modules = {}
def callback(path, modname, desc, modules=modules):
if modname and modname[-9:] == '.__init__':
modname = modname[:-9] + ' (package)'
if modname.find('.') < 0:
modules[modname] = 1
def onerror(modname):
callback(None, modname, None)
ModuleScanner().run(callback, onerror=onerror)
self.list(modules.keys())
self.output.write('''
Enter any module name to get more help. Or, type "modules spam" to search
for modules whose name or summary contain the string "spam".
''')
help = Helper()
class ModuleScanner:
"""An interruptible scanner that searches module synopses."""
def run(self, callback, key=None, completer=None, onerror=None):
if key: key = key.lower()
self.quit = False
seen = {}
for modname in sys.builtin_module_names:
if modname != '__main__':
seen[modname] = 1
if key is None:
callback(None, modname, '')
else:
name = __import__(modname).__doc__ or ''
desc = name.split('\n')[0]
name = modname + ' - ' + desc
if name.lower().find(key) >= 0:
callback(None, modname, desc)
for importer, modname, ispkg in pkgutil.walk_packages(onerror=onerror):
if self.quit:
break
if key is None:
callback(None, modname, '')
else:
try:
spec = pkgutil._get_spec(importer, modname)
except SyntaxError:
# raised by tests for bad coding cookies or BOM
continue
loader = spec.loader
if hasattr(loader, 'get_source'):
try:
source = loader.get_source(modname)
except Exception:
if onerror:
onerror(modname)
continue
desc = source_synopsis(io.StringIO(source)) or ''
if hasattr(loader, 'get_filename'):
path = loader.get_filename(modname)
else:
path = None
else:
try:
module = importlib._bootstrap._load(spec)
except ImportError:
if onerror:
onerror(modname)
continue
desc = module.__doc__.splitlines()[0] if module.__doc__ else ''
path = getattr(module,'__file__',None)
name = modname + ' - ' + desc
if name.lower().find(key) >= 0:
callback(path, modname, desc)
if completer:
completer()
def apropos(key):
"""Print all the one-line module summaries that contain a substring."""
def callback(path, modname, desc):
if modname[-9:] == '.__init__':
modname = modname[:-9] + ' (package)'
print(modname, desc and '- ' + desc)
def onerror(modname):
pass
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # ignore problems during import
ModuleScanner().run(callback, key, onerror=onerror)
# --------------------------------------- enhanced Web browser interface
def _start_server(urlhandler, hostname, port):
"""Start an HTTP server thread on a specific port.
Start an HTML/text server thread, so HTML or text documents can be
browsed dynamically and interactively with a Web browser. Example use:
>>> import time
>>> import pydoc
Define a URL handler. To determine what the client is asking
for, check the URL and content_type.
Then get or generate some text or HTML code and return it.
>>> def my_url_handler(url, content_type):
... text = 'the URL sent was: (%s, %s)' % (url, content_type)
... return text
Start server thread on port 0.
If you use port 0, the server will pick a random port number.
You can then use serverthread.port to get the port number.
>>> port = 0
>>> serverthread = pydoc._start_server(my_url_handler, port)
Check that the server is really started. If it is, open browser
and get first page. Use serverthread.url as the starting page.
>>> if serverthread.serving:
... import webbrowser
The next two lines are commented out so a browser doesn't open if
doctest is run on this module.
#... webbrowser.open(serverthread.url)
#True
Let the server do its thing. We just need to monitor its status.
Use time.sleep so the loop doesn't hog the CPU.
>>> starttime = time.monotonic()
>>> timeout = 1 #seconds
This is a short timeout for testing purposes.
>>> while serverthread.serving:
... time.sleep(.01)
... if serverthread.serving and time.monotonic() - starttime > timeout:
... serverthread.stop()
... break
Print any errors that may have occurred.
>>> print(serverthread.error)
None
"""
import http.server
import email.message
import select
import threading
class DocHandler(http.server.BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
def do_GET(self):
"""Process a request from an HTML browser.
The URL received is in self.path.
Get an HTML page from self.urlhandler and send it.
"""
if self.path.endswith('.css'):
content_type = 'text/css'
else:
content_type = 'text/html'
self.send_response(200)
self.send_header('Content-Type', '%s; charset=UTF-8' % content_type)
self.end_headers()
self.wfile.write(self.urlhandler(
self.path, content_type).encode('utf-8'))
def log_message(self, *args):
# Don't log messages.
pass
class DocServer(http.server.HTTPServer):
def __init__(self, host, port, callback):
self.host = host
self.address = (self.host, port)
self.callback = callback
self.base.__init__(self, self.address, self.handler)
self.quit = False
def serve_until_quit(self):
while not self.quit:
rd, wr, ex = select.select([self.socket.fileno()], [], [], 1)
if rd:
self.handle_request()
self.server_close()
def server_activate(self):
self.base.server_activate(self)
if self.callback:
self.callback(self)
class ServerThread(threading.Thread):
def __init__(self, urlhandler, host, port):
self.urlhandler = urlhandler
self.host = host
self.port = int(port)
threading.Thread.__init__(self)
self.serving = False
self.error = None
def run(self):
"""Start the server."""
try:
DocServer.base = http.server.HTTPServer
DocServer.handler = DocHandler
DocHandler.MessageClass = email.message.Message
DocHandler.urlhandler = staticmethod(self.urlhandler)
docsvr = DocServer(self.host, self.port, self.ready)
self.docserver = docsvr
docsvr.serve_until_quit()
except Exception as e:
self.error = e
def ready(self, server):
self.serving = True
self.host = server.host
self.port = server.server_port
self.url = 'http://%s:%d/' % (self.host, self.port)
def stop(self):
"""Stop the server and this thread nicely"""
self.docserver.quit = True
self.join()
# explicitly break a reference cycle: DocServer.callback
# has indirectly a reference to ServerThread.
self.docserver = None
self.serving = False
self.url = None
thread = ServerThread(urlhandler, hostname, port)
thread.start()
# Wait until thread.serving is True to make sure we are
# really up before returning.
while not thread.error and not thread.serving:
time.sleep(.01)
return thread
def _url_handler(url, content_type="text/html"):
"""The pydoc url handler for use with the pydoc server.
If the content_type is 'text/css', the _pydoc.css style
sheet is read and returned if it exits.
If the content_type is 'text/html', then the result of
get_html_page(url) is returned.
"""
class _HTMLDoc(HTMLDoc):
def page(self, title, contents):
"""Format an HTML page."""
css_path = "pydoc_data/_pydoc.css"
css_link = (
'<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="%s">' %
css_path)
return '''\
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>Pydoc: %s</title>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
%s</head><body bgcolor="#f0f0f8">%s<div style="clear:both;padding-top:.5em;">%s</div>
</body></html>''' % (title, css_link, html_navbar(), contents)
html = _HTMLDoc()
def html_navbar():
version = html.escape("%s [%s, %s]" % (platform.python_version(),
platform.python_build()[0],
platform.python_compiler()))
return """
<div style='float:left'>
Python %s<br>%s
</div>
<div style='float:right'>
<div style='text-align:center'>
<a href="index.html">Module Index</a>
: <a href="topics.html">Topics</a>
: <a href="keywords.html">Keywords</a>
</div>
<div>
<form action="get" style='display:inline;'>
<input type=text name=key size=15>
<input type=submit value="Get">
</form>
<form action="search" style='display:inline;'>
<input type=text name=key size=15>
<input type=submit value="Search">
</form>
</div>
</div>
""" % (version, html.escape(platform.platform(terse=True)))
def html_index():
"""Module Index page."""
def bltinlink(name):
return '<a href="%s.html">%s</a>' % (name, name)
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>Index of Modules</strong></big></big>',
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
names = [name for name in sys.builtin_module_names
if name != '__main__']
contents = html.multicolumn(names, bltinlink)
contents = [heading, '<p>' + html.bigsection(
'Built-in Modules', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)]
seen = {}
for dir in sys.path:
contents.append(html.index(dir, seen))
contents.append(
'<p align=right><font color="#909090" face="helvetica,'
'arial"><strong>pydoc</strong> by Ka-Ping Yee'
'<ping@lfw.org></font>')
return 'Index of Modules', ''.join(contents)
def html_search(key):
"""Search results page."""
# scan for modules
search_result = []
def callback(path, modname, desc):
if modname[-9:] == '.__init__':
modname = modname[:-9] + ' (package)'
search_result.append((modname, desc and '- ' + desc))
with warnings.catch_warnings():
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore') # ignore problems during import
def onerror(modname):
pass
ModuleScanner().run(callback, key, onerror=onerror)
# format page
def bltinlink(name):
return '<a href="%s.html">%s</a>' % (name, name)
results = []
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>Search Results</strong></big></big>',
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
for name, desc in search_result:
results.append(bltinlink(name) + desc)
contents = heading + html.bigsection(
'key = %s' % key, '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', '<br>'.join(results))
return 'Search Results', contents
def html_topics():
"""Index of topic texts available."""
def bltinlink(name):
return '<a href="topic?key=%s">%s</a>' % (name, name)
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>INDEX</strong></big></big>',
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
names = sorted(Helper.topics.keys())
contents = html.multicolumn(names, bltinlink)
contents = heading + html.bigsection(
'Topics', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)
return 'Topics', contents
def html_keywords():
"""Index of keywords."""
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>INDEX</strong></big></big>',
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
names = sorted(Helper.keywords.keys())
def bltinlink(name):
return '<a href="topic?key=%s">%s</a>' % (name, name)
contents = html.multicolumn(names, bltinlink)
contents = heading + html.bigsection(
'Keywords', '#ffffff', '#ee77aa', contents)
return 'Keywords', contents
def html_topicpage(topic):
"""Topic or keyword help page."""
buf = io.StringIO()
htmlhelp = Helper(buf, buf)
contents, xrefs = htmlhelp._gettopic(topic)
if topic in htmlhelp.keywords:
title = 'KEYWORD'
else:
title = 'TOPIC'
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>%s</strong></big></big>' % title,
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
contents = '<pre>%s</pre>' % html.markup(contents)
contents = html.bigsection(topic , '#ffffff','#ee77aa', contents)
if xrefs:
xrefs = sorted(xrefs.split())
def bltinlink(name):
return '<a href="topic?key=%s">%s</a>' % (name, name)
xrefs = html.multicolumn(xrefs, bltinlink)
xrefs = html.section('Related help topics: ',
'#ffffff', '#ee77aa', xrefs)
return ('%s %s' % (title, topic),
''.join((heading, contents, xrefs)))
def html_getobj(url):
obj = locate(url, forceload=1)
if obj is None and url != 'None':
raise ValueError('could not find object')
title = describe(obj)
content = html.document(obj, url)
return title, content
def html_error(url, exc):
heading = html.heading(
'<big><big><strong>Error</strong></big></big>',
'#ffffff', '#7799ee')
contents = '<br>'.join(html.escape(line) for line in
format_exception_only(type(exc), exc))
contents = heading + html.bigsection(url, '#ffffff', '#bb0000',
contents)
return "Error - %s" % url, contents
def get_html_page(url):
"""Generate an HTML page for url."""
complete_url = url
if url.endswith('.html'):
url = url[:-5]
try:
if url in ("", "index"):
title, content = html_index()
elif url == "topics":
title, content = html_topics()
elif url == "keywords":
title, content = html_keywords()
elif '=' in url:
op, _, url = url.partition('=')
if op == "search?key":
title, content = html_search(url)
elif op == "topic?key":
# try topics first, then objects.
try:
title, content = html_topicpage(url)
except ValueError:
title, content = html_getobj(url)
elif op == "get?key":
# try objects first, then topics.
if url in ("", "index"):
title, content = html_index()
else:
try:
title, content = html_getobj(url)
except ValueError:
title, content = html_topicpage(url)
else:
raise ValueError('bad pydoc url')
else:
title, content = html_getobj(url)
except Exception as exc:
# Catch any errors and display them in an error page.
title, content = html_error(complete_url, exc)
return html.page(title, content)
if url.startswith('/'):
url = url[1:]
if content_type == 'text/css':
path_here = os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__))
css_path = os.path.join(path_here, url)
with open(css_path) as fp:
return ''.join(fp.readlines())
elif content_type == 'text/html':
return get_html_page(url)
# Errors outside the url handler are caught by the server.
raise TypeError('unknown content type %r for url %s' % (content_type, url))
def browse(port=0, *, open_browser=True, hostname='localhost'):
"""Start the enhanced pydoc Web server and open a Web browser.
Use port '0' to start the server on an arbitrary port.
Set open_browser to False to suppress opening a browser.
"""
import webbrowser
serverthread = _start_server(_url_handler, hostname, port)
if serverthread.error:
print(serverthread.error)
return
if serverthread.serving:
server_help_msg = 'Server commands: [b]rowser, [q]uit'
if open_browser:
webbrowser.open(serverthread.url)
try:
print('Server ready at', serverthread.url)
print(server_help_msg)
while serverthread.serving:
cmd = input('server> ')
cmd = cmd.lower()
if cmd == 'q':
break
elif cmd == 'b':
webbrowser.open(serverthread.url)
else:
print(server_help_msg)
except (KeyboardInterrupt, EOFError):
print()
finally:
if serverthread.serving:
serverthread.stop()
print('Server stopped')
# -------------------------------------------------- command-line interface
def ispath(x):
return isinstance(x, str) and x.find(os.sep) >= 0
def _get_revised_path(given_path, argv0):
"""Ensures current directory is on returned path, and argv0 directory is not
Exception: argv0 dir is left alone if it's also pydoc's directory.
Returns a new path entry list, or None if no adjustment is needed.
"""
# Scripts may get the current directory in their path by default if they're
# run with the -m switch, or directly from the current directory.
# The interactive prompt also allows imports from the current directory.
# Accordingly, if the current directory is already present, don't make
# any changes to the given_path
if '' in given_path or os.curdir in given_path or os.getcwd() in given_path:
return None
# Otherwise, add the current directory to the given path, and remove the
# script directory (as long as the latter isn't also pydoc's directory.
stdlib_dir = os.path.dirname(__file__)
script_dir = os.path.dirname(argv0)
revised_path = given_path.copy()
if script_dir in given_path and not os.path.samefile(script_dir, stdlib_dir):
revised_path.remove(script_dir)
revised_path.insert(0, os.getcwd())
return revised_path
# Note: the tests only cover _get_revised_path, not _adjust_cli_path itself
def _adjust_cli_sys_path():
"""Ensures current directory is on sys.path, and __main__ directory is not.
Exception: __main__ dir is left alone if it's also pydoc's directory.
"""
revised_path = _get_revised_path(sys.path, sys.argv[0])
if revised_path is not None:
sys.path[:] = revised_path
def cli():
"""Command-line interface (looks at sys.argv to decide what to do)."""
import getopt
class BadUsage(Exception): pass
_adjust_cli_sys_path()
try:
opts, args = getopt.getopt(sys.argv[1:], 'bk:n:p:w')
writing = False
start_server = False
open_browser = False
port = 0
hostname = 'localhost'
for opt, val in opts:
if opt == '-b':
start_server = True
open_browser = True
if opt == '-k':
apropos(val)
return
if opt == '-p':
start_server = True
port = val
if opt == '-w':
writing = True
if opt == '-n':
start_server = True
hostname = val
if start_server:
browse(port, hostname=hostname, open_browser=open_browser)
return
if not args: raise BadUsage
for arg in args:
if ispath(arg) and not os.path.exists(arg):
print('file %r does not exist' % arg)
break
try:
if ispath(arg) and os.path.isfile(arg):
arg = importfile(arg)
if writing:
if ispath(arg) and os.path.isdir(arg):
writedocs(arg)
else:
writedoc(arg)
else:
help.help(arg)
except ErrorDuringImport as value:
print(value)
except (getopt.error, BadUsage):
cmd = os.path.splitext(os.path.basename(sys.argv[0]))[0]
print("""pydoc - the Python documentation tool
{cmd} <name> ...
Show text documentation on something. <name> may be the name of a
Python keyword, topic, function, module, or package, or a dotted
reference to a class or function within a module or module in a
package. If <name> contains a '{sep}', it is used as the path to a
Python source file to document. If name is 'keywords', 'topics',
or 'modules', a listing of these things is displayed.
{cmd} -k <keyword>
Search for a keyword in the synopsis lines of all available modules.
{cmd} -n <hostname>
Start an HTTP server with the given hostname (default: localhost).
{cmd} -p <port>
Start an HTTP server on the given port on the local machine. Port
number 0 can be used to get an arbitrary unused port.
{cmd} -b
Start an HTTP server on an arbitrary unused port and open a Web browser
to interactively browse documentation. This option can be used in
combination with -n and/or -p.
{cmd} -w <name> ...
Write out the HTML documentation for a module to a file in the current
directory. If <name> contains a '{sep}', it is treated as a filename; if
it names a directory, documentation is written for all the contents.
""".format(cmd=cmd, sep=os.sep))
if __name__ == '__main__':
cli()